Figure 1.

Associations between grip strength and type 2 diabetes mellitus incidence in women and men. Data are presented as HR and 95% CI. HRs were estimated for absolute units (per 5 kg lower grip strength), relative units (0.05 kg/kg of body weight), and per 1 SD lower grip strength. Model 0 was adjusted for age, deprivation, ethnicity and education; model 1 was adjusted for all covariates included in model 0 plus lifestyle variables (smoking, fruit and vegetable intake, red meat intake, processed meat intake, alcohol intake, total sedentary time and sleep time); and model 2 was adjusted for all covariates included in models 0 and 1 plus BMI categories. Model 3 was like model 2 but BMI was replaced for waist circumference. All analyses were conducted using 2-year landmark analyses and excluding participants with comorbidities at baseline (type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus, unknown diabetes, cardiovascular diseases and cancer). For absolute grip strength, 1 SD was equivalent to 6.15 and 8.70 kg for women and men, respectively. For relative grip strength, 1 SD was equivalent to 0.10 and 0.11 kg per kg of body weight for women and men, respectively. BMI, body mass index.