Table 1.
Baseline Characteristics of Participants
| Overall (n = 150) | COVID-19 Positive (n = 100) | COVID-19 Negative (n = 50) | P Value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (IQR) or No. (%) | ||||
| Vitamin D and K status | ||||
| Vitamin D (25-hydroxyvitamin D), ng/mL | 24.40 (15.43–31.58) | 25.78 (15.65–35.63) | 21.88 (14.32–26.58) | .09 |
| Vitamin K (dp-ucMGP), ng/mL | 638.10 (519.79–897.12) | 776.51 (570.92–1228.52) | 549.76 (468.86–635.05) | <.0001 |
| Demographics | ||||
| Age, y | 54.90 (48.00–63.00) | 57 (41.00–68.50) | 53.36 (50.74–56.30) | .25 |
| Female | 75.00 (50.00) | 49 (19.60) | 26 (10.40) | .73 |
| Non-Whitea | 89.00 (59.33) | 65 (26.00) | 24 (9.60) | .05 |
| BMI, kg/m2 | 29.86 (25.04–35.63) | 32.48 (26.61–38.60) | 27.12 (23.48–30.58) | .001 |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Any comorbidityb | - - | 60 | - - | - - |
| Hypertension | - - | 48 | - - | - - |
| Pulmonaryc | - - | 31 | - - | - - |
| Diabetes | - - | 28 | - - | - - |
| Cardiovascular diseased | - - | 16 | - - | - - |
| Chronic kidney disease | - - | 12 | - - | - - |
| Cancer or immunosuppression | - - | 10 | - - | - - |
| Laboratory data | ||||
| Creatinine, mg/dL | 0.95 (0.78–1.17) | 1.05 (0.86–1.44) | 0.82 (0.73–0.97) | <.0001 |
| White blood cell count, ×10E9/L | 6.30 (4.60–9.20) | 8.00 (3.00–13.10) | 5.8 (5.00–6.70) | .14 |
| Neutrophil, % | 73.10 (62.00–82.50) | 78.3 (68.60–85.50) | 58.60 (46.60–62.75) | <.0001 |
| Lymphocyte, % | 30.70 (21.70–38.10) | 30.8 (20.00–39.00) | 29.45 (25.80–37.20) | .6 |
| Hemoglobin, g/dL | 13.30 (12.20–14.40) | 12.35 (11.30–14.05) | 13.9 (13.20–14.90) | .001 |
| Aspartate aminotransferase, U/L | 21.0 (17.00–31.00) | 29.50 (19.00–45.00) | 17.0 (15.00–22.00) | <.0001 |
| Alanine aminotransferase, U/L | 23.0 (16.00–32.00) | 19.00 (13.00–32.00) | 20.5 (13.00–27.00) | .73 |
| C-reactive protein, mg/dL | 1.02 (0.20–9.18) | 4.64 (1.06–13.24) | 0.18 (0.10–0.43) | <.0001 |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; COVID-19, coronavirus disease 3019; dp-ucMGP, dephosphorylated uncarboxylated matrix Gla protein; IQR, interquartile range.
aIncludes African American, Asian, Hispanic, and other.
bIncludes hypertension, pulmonary diseases, diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, chronic kidney disease, and cancer or immunosuppression.
cIncludes chronic pulmonary disease, asthma, and pulmonary circulation disorder.
dIncludes coronary artery disease, congestive heart failure, and valvular heart disease.