Table 1.

Study overview of the four experiments.

EXPERIMENT	GOAL	HYPOTHESES		SUPPORTED	PARTICIPANTS	AGENTS	LEVEL
Validation (Experiment 1)	Validate whether people’s feelings are altered based on the result of the game and the focus (self/other) of the question during our competitive game	1.	Participants would feel better when they won the game as opposed to when the other player won	Yes	N = 81	Human	Interpersonal
		2.	Participants would feel worse after they themselves lost as opposed to when the other player lost	Yes
		3.	Participants would feel better when the other player than themselves lost	Yes
Experiment 2	Verify if intergroup biases would emerge in human-human teams during our competitive game	1.	Participants would feel relatively more empathy towards ingroup team members than to outgroup members	Yes	N = 37	Human	Intergroup
		2.	Participants would feel more schadenfreude towards the opponents who lost than towards team members who lost.	Yes
Experiment 3	Investigate whether individuals show intergroup biases towards robots in human-robot teams	1.	See experiment 2 – H1	Yes	N = 87	Human & robot (Cozmo)	Intergroup
		2.	See experiment 2 – H2	Yes
		3.	More salient intergroup empathy and schadenfreude biases when comparing ingroup and outgroup human players than when comparing the ingroup and outgroup Cozmo robots	No
Experiment 4	Test if findings generalize across robots who differ in human likeness.	1.	See experiment 2 – H1	Yes	N = 93	Human & robot (NAO)	Intergroup
		2.	See experiment 2 – H2	Yes
		3.	Increasing tendency to have intergroup biases from the least human-like agent (Cozmo) to a more human-like robot (NAO) and finally the human agent.	No