Table 1.
Pre- and during-COVID means for alcohol and marijuana use behaviors and perceived norms with regression models estimating change over time (N = 572).
| Variable | Pre-COVID Mean (SD) | During-COVID Mean (SD) | Effect of Time (CR) | p | BH adjusted p | 95% Confidence Interval | % that Decreased | % that was Unchanged | % that Increased |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Participant Alcohol Use Behavior | |||||||||
| Typical # of Drinks in a Week1 | 4.67 (5.67) | 4.66 (6.74) | 0.92 | .108 | .144 | [0.83, 1.02] | 35.84% | 31.05% | 33.11% |
| Typical # of Drinking Days per Week | 1.83 (1.77) | 2.04 (2.20) | 1.12 | .014 | .028 | [1.02, 1.23] | 26.71% | 41.32% | 31.96% |
| Typical # of Drinks per Occasion on Average2 | 2.56 (1.88) | 2.28 (1.84) | 0.85 | .007 | .028 | [0.75, 0.96] | 46.84% | 24.54% | 28.62% |
| Typical HED Occasions per Week | 0.46 (1.09) | 0.40 (1.22) | 0.88 | .243 | .243 | [0.71, 1.09] | 14.39% | 78.53% | 7.08% |
| Perceived Alcohol Use Norms for | |||||||||
| Typical # of Drinks in a Week1 | 7.70 (5.81) | 9.14 (6.32) | 1.23 | <.001 | <.001 | [1.14, 1.33] | 34.17% | 13.76% | 52.06% |
| Typical # of Drinking Days per Week | 3.13 (2.05) | 4.04 (2.23) | 1.32 | <.001 | <.001 | [1.23, 1.41] | 21.10% | 32.57% | 46.33% |
| Typical # of Drinks per Occasion on Average | 2.59 (1.53) | 2.46 (1.38) | 0.91 | .063 | .084 | [0.83, 1.01] | 46.46% | 15.49% | 38.06% |
| Typical HED Occasions per Week | 0.67 (1.01) | 0.65 (1.20) | 0.99 | .859 | .859 | [0.84, 1.16] | 19.04% | 65.14% | 15.83% |
| Participant Marijuana Use Behavior | |||||||||
| Typical Hours High per Week | 4.98 (11.70) | 5.75 (13.40) | 1.13 | .177 | .177 | [0.95, 1.36] | 14.45% | 64.69% | 20.85% |
| Typical # of Marijuana Use Days per Week | 1.34 (2.41) | 1.46 (2.58) | 1.08 | .167 | . 177 | [0.97, 1.21] | 9.00% | 76.07% | 14.93% |
| Perceived Marijuana Use Norms | |||||||||
| Typical Hours High per Week | 6.91 (8.59) | 8.47 (9.14) | 1.30 | <.001 | <.001 | [1.19, 1.43] | 30.35% | 19.53% | 50.12% |
| Typical # of Marijuana Use Days per Week | 2.68 (2.35) | 3.31 (2.44) | 1.23 | <.001 | <.001 | [1.14, 1.32] | 20.71% | 37.41% | 41.88% |
Note: For count variables, a negative binomial distribution was specified to estimate Count Ratios (CRs) describing the proportional change from Time 1 (pre-COVID) to Time 2 (during-COVID). Because drinks per occasion variables only included non-zero values, truncated negative binomial models were specified. Covariates (not shown) included sex, age at Time 1, dummy codes for race/ethnicity, and college student status.
Typical number of weekly drinks and perceived norms for typical number of weekly drinks were Winsorized at 3 SD above the mean to reduce the influence of extreme values, though we ran these models with the raw un-Winsorized scores and the effect estimates and 95% confidence intervals were identical.
Participants who did not report any drinking (n = 111) were not included in models for number of drinks per occasion. BH = Benjamini-Hochberg adjustment for multiple comparisons. Significant effects are shown in bold.