Table 1.
Effect on biochemical profile (systemic toxicity) following 28 days exposure to Exo, PAC and ExoPAC in C57BL/6 mice.
| Parameter | Control | Exo | PAC | ExoPAC | FA-ExoPAC |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Liver Profile | |||||
| AST (SGOT) | 400 ± 220 | 343 ± 102 | 381 ± 80 | 314 ± 73 | 423 ± 83 |
| ALT (SGPT) | 39.7 ± 20.0 | 56.0 ± 19.5 | 51.8 ± 20.2 | 42.0 ± 4.9 | 53.2 ± 17.6 |
| Alk Phosphatase | 62.8 ± 62.2 | 89.2 ± 17.4 | 10.5 ± 4.9 | 14.0 ± 9.9 | 63.0 ± 49.5 |
| GGT | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 | 1.0 ± 0.0 |
| Amylase | 378 ± 164 | 523 ± 17 | 987 ± 606 * | 525 ± 28 | 476 ± 80 |
| CPK | 1044 ± 499 | 1488 ± 596 | 1231 ± 541 | 1030 ± 393 | 1313 ± 278 |
| Total Bilirubin | 0.6 ± 0.4 | 0.1 ± 0.0 * | 0.1 ± 0.0 * | 0.5 ± 0.3 # | 0.6 ± 0.3 ## |
| Kidney Function Test | |||||
| BUN | 16.6 ± 4.1 | 19.6 ± 0.9 | 12.6 ± 3.1 | 16.8 ± 3.8 | 15.4 ± 3.1 |
| Creatinine | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 | 0.2 ± 0.0 |
| BUN/CreatRatio | 83.1 ± 20.5 | 98.0 ± 4.5 | 63.0 ± 15.7 | 84.0 ± 19.2 | 77.0 ± 15.7 |
| Phosphorus | 13.0 ± 4.8 | 18.5 ± 4.6 | 10.4 ± 0.6 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 10.1 ± 0.8 |
| Calcium | 7.5 ± 1.7 | 11.0 ± 0.8 *** | 8.7 ± 0.6 | 8.4 ± 0.5 | 8.1 ± 0.4 |
| Magnesium | 5.0 ± 2.0 | 4.2 ± 0.3 | 3.8 ± 0.8 | 3.9 ± 0.4 | 4.2 ± 0.5 |
| Sodium | 120.5 ± 23.5 | 150.2 ± 5.7 * | 137.2 ± 6.3 | 135.8 ± 6.3 | 131.6 ± 5.9 |
| Potassium | 17.5 ± 15.5 | 9.2 ± 0.8 | 9.0 ± 2.2 | 10.4 ± 1.3 | 12.5 ± 1.9 # |
| NA/K Ratio | 10.6 ± 5.6 | 16.4 ± 1.8 * | 16.0 ± 2.6 | 13.6 ± 1.9 | 10.8 ± 2.5 # |
| Chloride | 115.4 ± 13.9 | 111.8 ± 8.0 | 121.8 ± 3.8 | 123.2 ± 3.8 | 117.6 ± 5.9 |
| Total Protein | 7.9 ± 3.7 | 6.2 ± 0.5 | 5.6 ± 1.3 | 6.4 ± 0.6 | 6.7 ± 0.6 |
| Albumin | 4.9 ± 2.1 | 3.7 ± 0.3 | 2.9 ± 0.8 | 3.8 ± 0.6 | 4.2 ± 0.5 # |
| Globulin | 2.8 ± 1.0 | 2.4 ± 0.3 | 2.7 ± 0.6 | 2.7 ± 0.3 | 2.5 ± 0.4 |
| A/G Ratio | 1.8 ± 0.4 | 1.6 ± 0.2 | 1.1 ± 0.1 ** | 1.5 ± 0.4 | 1.7 ± 0.3 ## |
| Cholesterol | 343 ± 317 | 142 ± 20 | 148 ± 44 | 157 ± 31 | 204 ± 47 |
| Triglyceride | 60.6 ± 29.8 | 84.6 ± 14.3 | 93.8 ± 16.9 * | 84.0 ± 9.9 | 64.4 ± 10.4 # |
| Glucose | 147.1 ± 40.4 | 89.8 ± 66.8 | 109.2 ± 17.6 | 154.0 ± 7.0 # | 159.6 ± 26.8 ## |
Female C57BL/6 mice (5–6 weeks old) were provided control diet (AIN 93M) and water ad libitum and treated with colostrum-derived exosomes (60 mg/kg, b. wt.) by oral gavage, i.p. PAC (8 mg/kg) and ExoPAC and FA-ExoPAC (8 mg/kg PAC and 60 mg/kg exosome) for 28 days, three times a week. At euthanasia, blood was collected and analyzed using an automated AU640 Chemistry Analyzer by Antech diagnostics. Data represent average ± SD of four animals. Statistical analysis was performed by the Student t-test. Asterisks represent comparison to control while # represents a comparison to PAC group. *, p-value <0.05; **, p < 0.01; ***, p < 0.001; #, p-value <0.05; ##, < 0.01.