Table 3.
Fluorescence type, dosage, timing, and fluorescence system.
| Study | Autofluorescence or Exogenous Dye | Type of Exogenous Dye | Dose | Timing of Administration | Fluorescence System |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| (De Leeuw et al., 2016) [55] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Fluobeam 800 clinical system (Fluoptics, Grenoble, France) |
| (Serra et al., 2020) [53] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Custom NIRAF device (Thorlabs GmbH, Dachau, Deutschland and CCD Sony ICX254AL image detector) |
| (McWade et al., 2019) [43] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Overlay tissue imaging system (OTIS) |
| (Benmiloud et al., 2020) [45] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Fluobeam 800 system (Fluoptics) |
| (Kose et al., 2020) [46] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Fluobeam device (Fluoptics) |
| (S. W. Kim et al., 2016) [42] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Digital camera, NIR light-emitting diode (LED), and IR illuminating lights |
| (S. W. Kim et al., 2018) [57] | AF | NA | NA | NA | M780L3-C1, Thorlabs, Newton, NJ, USA and INFRALUX-300, Daekyung Electro Medical Co., Republic of Korea |
| (R. Ladurner et al., 2018) [58] | AF | NA | NA | NA | NIR/ICG endoscopic system (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). |
| (Y. S. Kim et al., 2020) [64] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Fluobeam; Fluoptics, Grenoble, France |
| (D. H. Kim et al., 2021) [66] | AF | NA | NA | NA | Modified DSLR camera and LED (M780L3-C1, Thorlabs, New Jersey, USA) light source |
| (Dip et al., 2019) [62] | White light alone vs. AF + white light | NA | NA | NA | Fluobeam 800 system (Fluoptics) |
| (Lerchenberger et al., 2019) [54] | AF vs. exogenous | ICG | 5 mg | After lateral mobilization of the thyroid and exposure of the RLN | NIR/ICG endoscopic system (Karl Storz, Tuttlingen, Germany). |
| (Roland Ladurner et al., 2019) [59] | AF and exogenous | ICG-Pulsion | 5 mg | After lateral mobilization of the thyroid gland | Storz laparoscopic NIR/ICG imaging system |
| (Falco et al., 2017) [51] | Exogenous | ICG | 0.5 mL | After exposure of the thyroid gland | NIRL (near infrared light) using a laser system |
| (Lang et al., 2017) [52] | Exogenous | ICG | 2.5 mg | After resection of the thyroid gland | SPY fluorescent imaging system (Novadaq Technologies, Inc., Mississauga, ON, Canada) |
| (Jin et al., 2018) [44] | Exogenous | ICG | 5 mg | After adequate exposure of each central neck compartment | Intraoperative navigation system (Digi-MIH-001-I, Digital Precision Medicine Technology Co., Ltd., Beijing, China); fluorescence imaging system |
| (Llorente et al., 2020) [56] | Exogenous | ICG | Not stated | After thyroid resection | Not specified |
| (Enny et al., 2020) [47] | Exogenous | Fluorescein dye | 500 mg | After thyroid gland resection | LED blue light |
| (Razavi et al., 2019) [48] | Exogenous | ICG | 5 mg | At the end of surgery | Not specified |
| (Rudin et al., 2019) [49] | Exogenous | ICG | 6 mL (3 per side) | At the end of surgery | Laparoscopic PINPOINT camera (NOVADAQ, ON, Canada) |
| (van den Bos et al., 2019) [50] | Exogenous | ICG | 7.5 mg twice, i.e., 15 mg | Before and after resection of the thyroid gland | Laparoscopic fluorescence imaging system (Karl Storz GmbH & Co., Tuttlingen, Germany) |
| (Vidal Fortuny et al., 2016) [60] | Exogenous | ICG | 3 to 5 mL doses (75–150 mg) up to 5 mg/kg/day | After excision of the thyroid gland | Laparoscopic PINPOINT® camera (Novadaq, ON, Canada) |
| (Vidal Fortuny et al., 2018) [61] | Exogenous | ICG | 2.5 mg doses up to 5 mg/kg/day |
After excision of the thyroid gland | NIR camera (Pinpoint®; Novadaq, Toronto, ON, Canada |
| (Zaidi et al., 2016) [63] | Exogenous | ICG | 5 mg | Before and after thyroid resection | Pinpoint video-assisted NIR system (Novadaq, Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada) |
| (Jin & Cui, 2020) [65] | Exogenous | ICG | 5 mg/kg | After resection of thyroid lobes | Digi-MIH-I-001, Digital Precision Medicine Technology Co., Ltd, Beijing, China |
AF—Autofluorescence; ICG—Indocyanine green; NA—not applicable.