Table 1.
Characteristics of the study patients.
| Taiwan | UK | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Covariates | ADT | ADT- Naïve |
SMD | ADT | ADT- Naïve |
SMD |
| Number of patients | 8743 | 8743 | 14,949 | 14,949 | ||
| Age, y (SD) | 70.3 (8.9) | 69.8 (8.9) | 0.06 | 70.0 (8.5) | 69.2 (8.8) | 0.10 |
| Age group, y, n (%) | ||||||
| <65 | 2510 (28.7) | 2471 (28.3) | 0.06 | 4525 (30.3) | 4484 (30.0) | 0.02 |
| 65–74 | 3581 (41.0) | 3643 (41.7) | 6738 (45.1) | 6830 (45.7) | ||
| 75–84 | 2181 (24.9) | 2180 (24.9) | 2965 (19.8) | 2966 (19.8) | ||
| ≥85 | 471 (5.4) | 449 (5.1) | 721 (4.8) | 669 (4.5) | ||
| Comorbidity, n (%) | ||||||
| Hypertension | 4597 (52.6) | 4528 (51.8) | 0.02 | 5956 (39.8) | 6074 (40.6) | −0.02 |
| Coronary heart disease | 1659 (19.0) | 1700 (19.4) | −0.01 | 2278 (15.2) | 2252 (15.1) | 0.005 |
| Heart failure | 348 (4.0) | 315 (3.6) | 0.02 | 457 (3.1) | 489 (3.3) | −0.01 |
| Atrial fibrillation | 199 (2.3) | 208 (2.4) | −0.01 | 846 (5.7) | 878 (5.9) | −0.01 |
| Peripheral arterial disease | 247 (2.8) | 255 (2.9) | −0.01 | 439 (2.9) | 454 (3.0) | −0.01 |
| Ischemic stroke | 851 (9.7) | 868 (9.9) | −0.01 | 509 (3.4) | 498 (3.3) | 0.004 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 1804 (20.6) | 1896 (21.7) | −0.03 | 1502 (10.0) | 1577 (10.5) | −0.02 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 1087 (12.4) | 1086 (12.4) | <0.001 | 828 (5.5) | 791 (5.3) | 0.01 |
| Chronic kidney disease | 1037 (11.9) | 1054 (12.1) | −0.01 | 1256 (8.4) | 1311 (8.8) | −0.01 |
| Chronic liver disease | 1119 (12.8) | 1128 (12.9) | <−0.001 | 252 (1.7) | 284 (1.9) | −0.02 |
| Traumatic brain injury | 155 (1.8) | 139 (1.6) | 0.01 | 143 (1.0) | 172 (1.2) | −0.02 |
| Depression | 278 (3.2) | 301 (3.4) | −0.01 | 2132 (14.3) | 2236 (15.0) | −0.02 |
| Co-medication, n (%) | ||||||
| NSAID | 6414 (73.4) | 6418 (73.4) | <−0.001 | 3198 (21.4) | 3296 (22.0) | −0.02 |
| Aspirin | 2043 (23.4) | 2078 (23.8) | −0.01 | 3532 (23.6) | 3530 (23.6) | <0.001 |
| Clopidogrel | 317 (3.6) | 313 (3.6) | <0.001 | 383 (2.6) | 410 (2.7) | −0.01 |
| COX-2 inhibitor | 888 (10.2) | 896 (10.2) | <−0.001 | 229 (1.5) | 237 (1.6) | −0.004 |
| Anticoagulant agents | 149 (1.7) | 150 (1.7) | <−0.001 | 662 (4.4) | 688 (4.6) | −0.01 |
| Statin | 1705 (19.5) | 1790 (20.5) | −0.02 | 5027 (33.6) | 5136 (34.4) | −0.02 |
| Oral hypoglycemic agents | 1463 (16.7) | 1531 (17.5) | −0.02 | 978 (6.5) | 1006 (6.7) | −0.01 |
| Insulin | 306 (3.5) | 326 (3.7) | −0.01 | 211 (1.4) | 228 (1.5) | −0.01 |
| ACEi/ARB | 3041 (34.8) | 3037 (34.7) | <0.001 | 4438 (29.7) | 4565 (30.5) | −0.02 |
| Antidepressants | 1192 (13.6) | 1223 (14.0) | −0.01 | 1528 (10.2) | 1582 (10.6) | −0.01 |
| Antipsychotics | 729 (8.3) | 729 (8.3) | <0.001 | 437 (2.9) | 466 (3.1) | −0.01 |
| Benzodiazepines | 3420 (39.1) | 3561 (40.7) | −0.03 | 1189 (8.0) | 1212 (8.1) | −0.01 |
| Beta-blocker | 2216 (25.3) | 2253 (25.8) | −0.01 | 2530 (16.9) | 2567 (17.2) | −0.01 |
| CCB | 3265 (37.3) | 3210 (36.7) | 0.01 | 3318 (22.2) | 3359 (22.5) | −0.01 |
| Follow-up years, y, mean (SD) | 4.3 (2.2, 7.3) | 4.2 (2.1, 7.2) | ---- | 5.3 (4.0) | 5.6 (4.1) | ----- |
ACEi: angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; ADT: androgen deprivation therapy; ARB: angiotensin receptor blocker; CCB: calcium channel blocker; COX-2 inhibitor: cyclooxygenase-2 inhibitors; NSAID: non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; SD: standard deviation; SMD: standardized mean difference.