Table 2.
Governance styles and their sub-functions—adapted from the governance sub-functions and governance properties in the three governance styles table in Pahl-Wostl (2015) [10].
| Governance Sub-Functions | Hierarchical Style | Market Style | Network Style |
|---|---|---|---|
| Policy Framing | Prescribed by regulation; Expert judgement of problem identification; Focus on prescriptions and command and control instruments | Problem identification based on profitability, cost consideration, market failure; Focus on pricing and market-based instruments | Broad process on problem identification encompassing different perspectives; Focus on voluntary agreements |
| Knowledge Generation |
Technocratic focus; Only technical experts involved | Knowledge serves to increase competitive advantage | Knowledge generation as part of group building process; Different types of knowledge acknowledged; Broad sharing of knowledge |
| Resource Mobilisation |
Engage actors with political power; Tax; governmental budgets for financing | Engage actors with market power; Investment | Mobilise broad stakeholder support; Voluntary financing |
| Conflict Resolution |
Jurisdiction; Legal procedures | Survival of the fittest; Compensation payments | Mediation; Aim for consensus |
| Rule Making | Political parliamentary process; Jurisdiction and formal procedures for rule extension if needed | Negotiations on prices; As few rules as possible | Broad negotiation of and deliberations on rules; Malleable rules open to renegotiation |
| Monitoring and Evaluation | Compliance with regulation and quantifiable standards; Rigid in terms of learning | Cost–benefit calculations; Rapid changes in individual strategies if needed to increase profitability |
Participatory; Reflection on agreed goals; Openness to adaptive approaches—change negotiated |
| Leadership | Prescribed by formal rules; Command and control | Determined; Delegating and enabling | Often emergent in a process; Coaching and supporting |
| Representativeness | Elected representatives; Technical experts on problem domain | Access for all market players | All voices heard, openness of process; those affected participate in decision-making |