Table 4.
Logit regression analysis for loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic.
| Variable | UCLA Measure | Direct Measure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Male | 0.4065 (4.04) *** | 0.1245 (1.28) | 0.0668 (0.71) | −0.0128 (−0.14) |
| Age | −0.0223 (−5.89) *** | −0.0174 (−4.90) *** | −0.0267 (−7.49) *** | −0.0219 (−6.63) *** |
| Married | −0.1670 (−1.23) | 0.0194 (0.15) | −0.3144 (−2.54) ** | −0.1652 (−1.43) |
| Children | −0.1249 (−1.21) | −0.1585 (1.60) | 0.1350 (1.39) | 0.0549 (0.60) |
| Living alone | 0.0304 (0.20) | 0.2795 (1.99) ** | 0.2934 (2.20) ** | 0.4077 (3.24) *** |
| Living in rural area | 0.0864 (1.09) | 0.0373 (0.49) | 0.0617 (0.82) | 0.1013 (1.42) |
| Education | 0.0002 (0.01) | 0.0105 (0.53) | 0.0071 (0.37) | 0.0279 (1.54) |
| Employed | −0.0836 (−0.82) | −0.0586 (−0.60) | 0.1377 (1.43) | 0.1211 (1.35) |
| Log of HHIncome | −0.2364 (−3.28) *** | −0.1731 (−2.56) *** | −0.0316 (−0.48) | −0.1064 (−1.73) * |
| Log of HHasset | 0.0758 (2.21) ** | 0.0348 (1.04) | 0.0877 (2.71) *** | 0.0556 (1.77) * |
| Finliteracy | −0.0129 (−0.10) | 0.0139 (0.12) | 0.0792 (0.67) | −0.1394 (−1.29) |
| Healthy | −0.1857 (−4.78) *** | −0.2608 (−6.93) *** | −0.2395 (−6.46) *** | −0.2192 (−6.27) *** |
| Anxiety | 0.0513 (1.37) | 0.1318 (3.45) *** | −0.0297 (−0.82) | 0.0592 (1.62) |
| Finsatisfaction | −0.1262 (−2.94) *** | −0.0547 (−1.32) | −0.1138 (−2.79) *** | −0.1098 (−2.85) *** |
| Depression | 0.5459 (13.60) *** | 0.4528 (12.41) *** | 0.6386 (16.68) *** | 0.6156 (18.03) *** |
| Myopic view | 0.1169 (2.84) *** | 0.0942 (2.48) ** | 0.0906 (2.32) ** | 0.0994 (2.77) *** |
| _Cons | 3.3667 (3.10) *** | 2.8953 (2.86) *** | −0.4218 (−0.43) | 0.5325 (0.58) |
| Obs. | 3755 | 4253 | 3755 | 4253 |
| LR Chi2 | 586.32 *** | 553.95 *** | 766.99 *** | 906.25 *** |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.1275 | 0.1129 | 0.1489 | 0.1570 |
| Log likelihood | −2006.9567 | −2176.0138 | −2192.3659 | −2433.0781 |
Note: z values in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10.