Table 5.
Logit regression analysis for loneliness before and during the COVID-19 pandemic for the older sub-sample.
| Variable | UCLA Measure | Direct Measure | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 2020 | 2021 | 2020 | 2021 | |
| Male | 0.9722 (3.57) *** | 0.8446 (3.56) *** | 0.3935 (1.40) | 0.2780 (1.13) |
| Age | −0.0614 (−2.61) *** | −0.0583 (−2.94) *** | −0.0567 (−2.25) ** | −0.0391 (−1.89) * |
| Married | 0.6456 (1.35) | −0.0841 (−0.23) | 0.5280 (1.04) | −0.0812 (−0.22) |
| Children | −0.0436 (−0.15) | −0.1757 (−0.68) | 0.4891 (1.54) | −0.2640 (−1.04) |
| Living alone | 0.9984 (1.84) * | 0.6555 (1.56) | 1.4129 (2.58) *** | 0.7995 (1.94) * |
| Living in rural area | 0.1445 (0.78) | −0.0864 (−0.52) | −0.1201 (−0.63) | 0.0238 (0.14) |
| Education | −0.0368 (−0.79) | 0.0231 (0.54) | 0.0653 (1.33) | 0.0419 (0.97) |
| Employed | −0.2459 (−1.09) | −0.4706 (−2.39) ** | −0.2794 (−1.19) | 0.0155 (0.08) |
| Log of HHIncome | −0.6673 (−3.52) *** | −0.1370 (−0.86) | −0.1359 (−0.74) | 0.0028 (0.02) |
| Log of HHasset | 0.1309 (1.63) | 0.0253 (0.35) | 0.2024 (2.42) ** | 0.0792 (1.07) |
| Finliteracy | −0.1331 (−0.39) | −0.0082 (−0.03) | 0.2668 (0.76) | −0.0534 (−0.19) |
| Healthy | −0.0765 (−0.85) | −0.2567 (−3.29) *** | −0.1873 (−1.98) ** | −0.1716 (−2.17) ** |
| Anxiety | 0.0418 (0.44) | 0.2120 (2.18) ** | 0.0031 (0.03) | 0.0036 (0.04) |
| Finsatisfaction | 0.0556 (0.48) | 0.1670 (1.53) | −0.0883 (−0.74) | −0.1974 (−1.79) * |
| Depression | 0.6808 (6.58) *** | 0.3882 (4.66) *** | 0.7203 (6.91) *** | 0.6509 (7.60) *** |
| Myopic view | 0.1056 (1.03) | 0.1457 (1.82) * | 0.1093 (1.02) | 0.1782 (2.13) ** |
| _Cons | 9.7889 (3.08) *** | 3.7981 (1.39) | −1.6299 (−0.51) | −0.6951 (−0.25) |
| Obs. | 631 | 768 | 631 | 768 |
| LR Chi2 | 129.86 *** | 105.42 *** | 118.67 *** | 140.59 *** |
| Pseudo R2 | 0.1495 | 0.1021 | 0.1459 | 0.1364 |
| Log likelihood | −369.4942 | −463.6727 | −347.4110 | −445.2509 |
Note: z values in parentheses; *** p < 0.01, ** p < 0.05, * p < 0.10.