Table 2.

Improvements in body composition after the 12-week intervention.

Outcomes	D	E	D + E
Body weight (kg)
Baseline	78.37 ± 8.50	78.99 ± 10.78	77.53 ± 10.17
Post-intervention	74.96 ± 8.59	78.63 ± 11.00	74.03 ± 10.11
Change	−3.41 ± 0.75 $	−0.36 ± 1.16	−3.50 ± 0.97 $
Effect size	0.4	0.03	0.35
p	<0.001	0.168	<0.001
Body mass index (kg/m2)
Baseline	30.8± 2.57	30.84± 2.47	31.10± 2.60
Post-intervention	29.45± 2.59	30.69± 2.59	29.7± 2.64
Change	−1.35 ± 0.33 $	−0.15± 0.46	−1.41± 0.39 $
Effect size	0.52	0.06	0.53
p	<0.001	0.161	<0.001
Body fat (%)
Baseline	35.18 ± 6.01	34.64± 6.48	36.20± 5.27
Post-intervention	33.97 ± 6.47	33.48± 6.46	34.32± 5.50
Change	−1.20 ± 0.81	−1.17± 0.75	−1.87± 0.78 #,$
Effect size	0.19	0.18	0.35
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001
Soft lean mass (kg)
Baseline	46.29 ± 6.25	47.05 ± 8.41	45.64 ± 8.97
Post-intervention	45.05 ± 6.38	47.83 ± 8.53	44.46 ± 8.55
Change	−1.23 ± 0.65 $	0.78 ± 0.64	−1.18 ± 1.56 $
Effect size	0.2	0.1	0.13
p	<0.001	<0.001	0.002
Lower-limb muscle mass (kg)
Baseline	17.59 ± 2.62	17.37 ± 3.2	17.34 ± 3.57
Post-intervention	16.85 ± 2.60	17.89 ± 3.37	17.17 ± 3.43
Change	−0.75 ± 0.40 $	0.52 ± 0.35	−0.17 ± 0.55 #,$
Effect size	0.28	0.16	0.05
p	<0.001	<0.001	<0.001

Results are expressed as means ± standard deviations. Change was calculated by subtracting the baseline value from the postintervention value; p: pairwise test; effect size indicates Cohen’s d; ^$ indicates vs. E group (p < 0.05); ^# indicates vs. D group (p < 0.05); D: diet control group; E: resistance exercise group; D + E: diet control and resistance exercise group.