Table 4.
The changes in physical characteristics between the groups at baseline and after 12 weeks.
| Variable | Group | Baseline | 12 Weeks | Source | p-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Body weight (kg) | Taekwondo | 55.95 ± 4.94 | 54.65 ± 4.38 | Group | 0.496 |
| Time | 0.068 | ||||
| Control | 54.12 ± 3.26 | 53.83 ± 2.77 | Group × Time | 0.212 | |
| Body mass index (kg/m2) | Taekwondo | 24.72 ± 2.10 | 24.14 ± 1.79 | Group | 0.073 |
| Time | 0.108 | ||||
| Control | 24.20 ± 1.98 | 24.08 ± 1.83 | Group × Time | 0.220 | |
| Percent fat (%) | Taekwondo | 42.41 ± 3.78 | 40.07 ± 3.69 | Group | 0.403 |
| Time | 0.012 * | ||||
| Control | 42.17 ± 5.26 | 43.46 ± 5.64 | Group × Time | 0.012 * | |
| ASMI (kg/m2) | Taekwondo | 5.34 ± 0.30 | 5.66 ± 0.40 | Group | 0.540 |
| Time | 0.863 | ||||
| Control | 5.55 ± 0.14 | 5.26 ± 0.46 | Group × Time | 0.003 ** | |
| Systolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Taekwondo | 148.82 ± 9.93 | 136.27 ± 8.04 | Group | 0.124 |
| Time | 0.092 | ||||
| Control | 148.20 ± 14.03 | 151.01 ± 12.40 | Group × Time | 0.007 ** | |
| Diastolic blood pressure (mmHg) | Taekwondo | 86.91 ± 8.22 | 76.27 ± 9.41 | Group | 0.607 |
| Time | 0.000 *** | ||||
| Control | 83.30 ± 8.72 | 83.54 ± 7.59 | Group × Time | 0.001 ** | |
| GDS-K (score) | Taekwondo | 15.64 ± 1.75 | 13.18 ± 2.14 | Group | 0.003 ** |
| Time | 0.689 | ||||
| Control | 16.00 ± 1.76 | 18.80 ± 2.10 | Group × Time | 0.000 *** | |
| Positive items (score) | Taekwondo | 8.73 ± 2.15 | 7.09 ± 2.59 | Group | 0.262 |
| Time | 0.814 | ||||
| Control | 8.20 ± 1.75 | 10.00 ± 1.94 | Group × Time | 0.020 * | |
| Negative (score) | Taekwondo | 6.91 ± 2.02 | 6.09 ± 2.47 | Group | 0.116 |
| Time | 0.945 | ||||
| Control | 7.80 ± 2.62 | 8.80 ± 2.15 | Group × Time | 0.184 |
Values are means ± standard deviations. *, **, *** indicate values that are significantly different from baseline: * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001. ASMI: appendicular skeletal muscle mass index; GDS-K: geriatric depression scale-Korea.