Table 1.

Summary table of studies investigating the dietary pattern and health effects among the elderly.

Reference Number	Author and Year	Country/Region	Intervention Type	Sample Size	Age	Relevant Findings
[22]	Álvarez-Álvarez et al., 2019	Spain	Cross-sectional	6874	Men: 55 to 75; women: 60 to 75	Higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduced prevalence of cardiovascular risk factors.
[23]	Hardman et al., 2015	Australia	Randomised controlled trial	148	60 to 90	Mediterranean diet interventions and exercise, alone or combined, improved cognitive performance.
[24]	Ibarrola-Jurado et al., 2012	Spain	Cross-sectional	1068	Mean age: 67 ± 6	Dietary intake of phylloquinone in leafy green vegetables was associated with a lower prevalence of type II diabetes. Increased phylloquinone intake in the follow-up, with a median of 5.5 years, was associated with a 51% reduction in the risk of diabetes onset in the elderly at high cardiovascular risk.
[25]	Jennings et al., 2019	Participants were recruited from centres in 5 countries (Italy, United Kingdom, Netherlands, Poland and France)	Clinical trial	1294	65 to 79	Adherence to a Mediterranean diet resulted in improved cardiovascular health with reduced blood pressure and arterial stiffness.
[26]	Knight et al., 2015	Australia	Randomised controlled trial	166	65 or above	The positive association between adherence to a Mediterranean diet and reduced cognitive decline was validated.
[27]	Tussing-Humphreys et al., 2017	United States	Randomised controlled trial	180	55 to 85	A Mediterranean dietary pattern was associated with a reduction in the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.
[28]	Agarwal et al., 2018	United States	Longitudinal cohort study	706	59 to 97	Higher adherence to a MIND diet was associated with a lower prevalence of parkinsonism. A unit increase in a MIND diet score was associated with a reduction of 13% for the rate of parkinsonism development.
[29]	Chan et al., 2019	Hong Kong	Community cohort study	2802	Mean age: 73	A Higher Diet Quality Index-International (DQI-I) score and Okinawan diet score were associated with a reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality, while a higher MIND score was linked with a lower risk of CVD mortality.
[30]	Limongi et al., 2017	Italy	Longitudinal study	5632	65 to 84	High adherence to a Mediterranean diet was associated with a reduced risk of all-cause mortality and a lower prevalence of emotional impairment and cognitive decline.
[31]	Trichopoulou et al., 2015	Greek	Longitudinal study	816	65 or above	Evidence supported the protective effect of higher adherence to a Mediterranean diet against cognitive impairment over 7 years of extended period, especially in the elderly aged 75 years or older.