Table 4.
Mental health and work-related indicators of respondents.
| Entire Sample (n = 1007) | Laborers (n = 392) | Established Leaders (n = 332) | Emerging Executives (n = 283) | Between Class Differences | Post Hoc Tests/Pairwise Comparisons 1 | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Scale/Category | n(%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | n(%)/M(SD) | F/ | L vs. EL Mean Diff/ | L vs. EE Mean Diff/ |
EL vs. EE Mean Diff/ |
| Mental health indicators | |||||||||
| Depression | PHQ-2 total score | 1.04 (1.37) | 1.10(1.43) | 0.85(1.25) | 1.16(1.39) | 4.81 ** | 0.25 * | −0.06 | −0.31 * |
| PHQ-2 score ≥ 3 | 145 (14.4) | 67 (17.1) | 35 (10.5) | 43 (15.2) | 6.46 * | 3.37 * | 0.43 | 2.99 | |
| Anxiety | GAD-2 total score | 1.39 (1.55) | 1.43(1.67) | 1.26(1.45) | 1.49(1.48) | 1.95 | / | / | / |
| GAD-2 score ≥ 3 | 187 (18.6) | 87 (22.2) | 54 (16.3) | 46 (16.3) | 5.57 | / | / | / | |
| Flourishing | FS | 5.41 (0.93) | 5.25(0.94) | 5.64(0.88) | 5.38(0.94) | 16.02 *** | −0.38 *** | −0.12 | 0.26 ** |
| Help-seeking | Help-seeking intention | 6.06 (2.16) | 5.74(2.35) | 6.36(1.98) | 6.15(2.04) | 7.77 *** | −0.62 *** | −0.41 | 0.21 |
| Help-seeking behaviors | 3.47 (2.92) | 2.80(2.78) | 4.08(2.95) | 3.68(2.90) | 18.78 *** | −1.28 *** | −0.88 *** | 0.40 | |
| Work-related indicators | |||||||||
| Working hours | Hours of work per week | 46.93 (11.81) | 48.73 (13.53) | 45.82 (10.61) | 45.75 (10.23) | 6.69 ** | 2.91 ** | 2.99 ** | 0.07 |
| Workplace bullying | Yes currently at this workplace | 103 (10.2) | 44 (11.3) | 40 (12.1) | 19 (6.7) | 16.92 ** | 7.96 | 4.22 | 13.99 ** |
| Yes previously at this workplace | 76 (7.5) | 27 (6.9) | 31 (9.4) | 18 (6.4) | / | / | / | / | |
| Yes previously at previous workplace | 192 (19.1) | 66 (16.9) | 77 (23.3) | 49 (17.4) | / | / | / | / | |
| Never | 631 (62.7) | 253 (64.9) | 182 (55.2) | 196 (69.5) | / | / | / | / | |
| Effort-reward imbalance | ERI | 1.30 (0.63) | 1.36(0.70) | 1.19(0.48) | 1.36(0.65) | 8.42 *** | 0.17 ** | −0.01 | −0.18 ** |
| Relational justice | RJ | 3.61 (0.89) | 3.49(0.92) | 3.68(0.85) | 3.71(0.86) | 6.57 ** | −0.19 * | −0.23 ** | −0.04 |
| Job-demand-control | Iso-Strain | 0.26 (0.24) | 0.27(0.30) | 0.25(0.24) | 0.25(0.24) | 0.81 | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.002 |
Note: * < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001; 1 L: Laborers, EL: Established leaders, EE: Emerging executives.