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. 2021 Aug 3;18(15):8223. doi: 10.3390/ijerph18158223

Table 5.

Classification according to Radiological findings criteria (Adapted) [2,3,5,6].

Classification Criterion
MSD Type Onset Mode Radiology/Complementary Examinations (USG/RM)
0 Late Slight exudate oedema.
1 Sudden b “Usually, when necessary, it can be positive for fibre breakage in high-resolution MRI. Intramuscular haematoma. Oedema (exudate). When partial fibre breakage in high-resolution MRI. Intramuscular haematoma, fibres, disorganised and thin, surrounded by haematoma and peripheral fluid. When complete rupture: MRI: Complete discontinuity of muscle fibres, haematoma and retraction of muscular extremities. USG: Comparable to MRI” [5]
2 Sudden b Positive when there is a dislocation or partial or complete rupture of the fibres, probably including some retraction. It may have oedema and haematoma. Bone remodelling, tendon calcification processes fibres, disorganised and thin, surrounded by haematoma and peri-fascial fluid.When complete rupture on MRI: “Complete discontinuity of muscle fibres, haematoma and retraction of muscular extremities. USG: Comparable to MRI” [5]
3 Gradual Positive for the degenerative disorder, often including some ligamentous retraction, atrophy and dysplasia. One may have oedema and haematoma, bone remodelling, tedious calcification processes.

b According Chan et al. (2012) [5].