Table 2.

Resveratrol as a CR-related nutrient (N.D. = no date, ↑ increase/improvement, ↓ decrease/worsening).

Type of Studies	Tissue Molecular Mechanisms	Effects	References
In vivo (obese rats)	aortas: ↓ NOS signaling pathway	↓ endothelial dysfunction and vascular insulin resistance	Akar et al. [126]
In vivo (hypertensive rats)	rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM): ↑ AMPK activation	↓ blood pressure and ROS generation ↑ ERK1/2–RSK–nNOS pathway	Cheng et al. [127]
In vivo (hypertensive rats)	endothelium: ↑ superoxide dismutase activity	↓ oxidative stress induced by altered nitrite/nitrate levels ↓ development of hypertension	Bhatt et al. [128]
In vivo (obese rats)	liver: ↑ activation of SIRT1 signaling ↑ autophagy	↓ endoplasmic reticulum stress ↓ hepatic lipid accumulation	Ding et al. [129]
In vitro and in vivo (obese rats)	Liver and hepatocytes treated with high concentration of glucose and insulin: ↑ AMPK activation	↓ triacylglycerol (TG) accumulation ↑ improved insulin resistance	Shang et al. [130]
In vitro and in vivo (obese rats)	Liver: ↑ PKA/AMPK/PPARα signaling pathway activation	↓ redox homeostasis and lipid accumulation	Huang et al. [131]
In vitro and in vivo (NAFLD mice model)	Liver: ↑ AMPK/SIRT1/FAS/ SREBP1c signaling pathway activation	↓ triglyceride accumulation ↑ improved insulin resistance	Teng et al. [132]
In vitro	3T3 L1 adipocytes: ↑ SIRT1–AMPK signalling activation ↑ FOXO nuclear translocation	↑ glucose metabolism ↑ improved insulin resistance	Chen et al. [133]
In vitro	Skeletal muscle cells: ↑ AMPK activation	↑ GLUT4 translocation ↑ improved insulin resistance	Vlavcheski et al. [134]
In vitro and in vivo (obese mice)	Liver and hepatocytes: ↑ PI3K–Akt signalling activation	↑ improved insulin resistance	Shu et al. [135]
In vivo (obese mice) and human study (obese volunteers aged 30–55 years)	Adipose tissue: ↑ SIRT signalling activation	↑ improved glycemic and lipid profiles ↑ expression of genes (UCP1, PRDM16, PGC1α) involved in adipose tissue thermogenesis	Andrade et al. [136]
In vivo (obese female mice)	Adipose tissue: ↑AMPK activation	↑ brown-like adipocyte formation in inguinal white adipose tissue	Wang et al. [137]
In vivo (obese mice)	Adipose tissue and gut: ↑ gut microbiota–bile acid–TGR5/UCP1 pathway	↑ brown adipose tissue activation and white adipose tissue browning	Hui et al. [138]
In vivo (obese mice)	Adipose tissue and gut: ↑ SIRT1 signalling activation	↓ fat accumulation ↓ gut microbiota dysbiosis ↑ white adipose tissue browning	Liao et al. [139]
In vivo (obese mice)	Adipose tissue: ↑ antioxidative mitochondrial pathway	↓ body weight gain ↓ oxidative and inflammatory condition ↓ gut microbiota alterations	Campbell et al. [140]
In vivo (atherosclerotic mice model)	↓ enterohepatic farnesoid X receptor-fibroblast growth factor 15 axis	↑ gut microbiota remodeling ↑ hepatic bile acid neosynthesis ↓ TMAO production	Chen et al. [141]