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The upper frame is the complement of the transformation efficiency of JM109 E. coli cells, containing PGEM3Zf(−) plasmids bombarded with LEEs of 0.5 to 21 eV [137]. It is compared to the single-electron yields of interduplex and BD-related interduplex crosslinks, SSBs, BDs, DSBs, and non-DSB clustered damage, recorded as a function of electron energy. The dotted lines indicate the energies of TAs at 2, 5, 6, and 10 eV.
