Table 1.

Involvement of autophagy processes in skin barrier-related skin diseases.

Skin Diseases	Autophagy-Related Changes	Consequent Changes	Therapeutic Effects on Diseases	Refs.
Psoriasis	p62/SQSTM1 downregulation a	Inflammation ↓ Keratinocyte proliferation ↓	Positive	[34]
	Increased bacterial clearance a	Immune response ↓	Positive	[35,36,37]
	ATG16L1 polymorphism	Autophagy flux ↓ Chronic inflammation ↑Cell death ↑	Negative	[38]
Vitiligo	Decreased melanosome degradation a	Melanocyte proliferation ↑	Positive	[62]
	mTORC1 inhibition b	Protection against the metabolic stress on non-lesional melanocytes	Positive	[54]
Infectious disease	Increased S. pyogenes clearance a	Defending against pathogens ↑	Positive	[75,76,77]
	Enhanced presentation of HSV-1 viral antigen on MHC class I a	Degradation of endogenous viral proteins ↑	Positive	[83,84]
Skin cancer	Increased intracellular vacuolization in SSCC a	SSCC apoptosis ↓	Negative	[96]
	Punctate LC3B expression in melanoma a	Melanoma proliferation and metastasis ↑	Negative	[107]
Acne	Sebocytes debris elimination b	Maintaining normal sebaceous gland function	Positive	[115]
	Sebocyte lipogenesis downregulation a	Skin surface lipid, closed comedones, TEWL ↓	Positive	[117,118]
Skin aging	mTORC1 inhibition b	Keratinocyte differentiation ↑	Positive	[124]
	UVB-induced AMPK activation b	Epidermal cell death ↓	Positive	[125]

^a: Autophagy-induced changes, ^b: Autophagy-inducing changes. ↓: Inhibition, ↑: Induction.