Table 2.
Systematic review on burnout among professionals working in intensive care units and emergency departments: selected studies.
| 1st Author | Country | Study Design | Setting | Participants | Length of Study | Burnout Evaluation Tool | Prevalence of Burnout | Mean Score for Burnout (SD) [Range] |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sharma M et al. [25] | USA | CS | ICU | Participants: 1651 Female Gender: 74% Mean age: NA Professional title: Physician 25% Nurse 47% Advanced Practice Provider 11% Respiratory therapist 17% |
04/23–05/07/20 | NA | All participants: 58% Physicians: 49% Physicians-in-training: 48% Nurses: 64% Advanced practice provider: 56% Respiratory therapist: 55% |
_ |
| Ruiz-Fernàndez MD et al. [26] | Spain | CS | Primary care centers and other services, including ED/ICU and a COVID-19-specific unit | Participants All participants: 506 ICU/ED/COVID units: 171 (33.7%) Female gender: All participants 76.7% Mean age [range]: All participants 46.7 [23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57] Professional title: All participants: Physician 21.3% Nurse 78.7% |
03/30–04/16/20 | ProQoL Scale | _ | All participants: 24.7 (5.9) ICU: 25.1 (5.4) Emergency department: 24.6 (5.9) Specific COVID-19 unit: 28.9 (7.2) |
| de Wit K et al. [27] | Canada | MM | ED | Participants: 468 Female gender: 49% Median age [IQR]: 41 [35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50] Professional title: Physician 100% |
03/09–05/17/20 | MBI | High emotional exhaustion: Week 4: 18% Week 6: 17% Week 8:14% Week 10: 16% p = 0.632 High depersonalization: Week 4: 15% Week 6: 13% Week 8: 10% Week 10: 13% p = 0.155 No time trend in burnout levels found |
_ |
| Buselli R et al. [28] | Italy | CS | Several departments, including ICU | Participants: All participants 265 ICU 78 (29.4%) Gender female: All participants 68.9% Mean age (SD) [range]: All participants: 40.4 ± (11.2), [19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] Professional title: All participants: Physician 32.1% Nurse 50.2% Healthcare assistants 17.7% |
04/01–05/01/20 | ProQoL Scale | _ | All participants: 19.8 (5.0) [7,8,9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22,23,24,25,26,27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54] ICU staff: 19.9 (5.0) (vs. non ICU staff: p = 0.586) |
| Tsan SEH et al. [29] | Malaysia | CS | Anesthesia and ICU | Participants: 85 Female Gender: 63.5% Median age [range]: 31 [27,28,29,30,31,32,33,34,35,36,37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55,56,57,58] Professional title: Anesthetist 100% |
May 2020 | MBI | Overall: 55.3% Burnout indices Emotional exhaustion Low 34.1%; Intermediate 34.1%; High 31.8% Depersonalization Low 21.2%; Intermediate 31.8%; High 47.1% Personal accomplishment Low 63.5%; Intermediate 27.1%; High 9.4% |
Burnout indices: Emotional exhaustion: 21.35 (9.9), Depersonalization: 8.74 (4.9) Personal accomplishment: 29.2 (7.4) |
| Azoulay E et al. [24] | Europe, South America, North America, Asia, India, Australia–New Zealand, Africa | CS | ICU | Participants: 1001 MBI respondent: 846 (84.5%) Female gender: 34.2% Median age [IQR]: 45 [39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53] Professional title: Anesthetists 100% |
04/30–05/25/2020 | MBI | Data regarding 846 respondents: Overall burnout: Low: 25.3% Intermediate: 23% High: 51.8% Burnout indices: Emotional exhaustion Low 47,1; Intermediate 29.9%; High: 23% Depersonalization Low 42.7%; Intermediate34.3%; High 23% Symptoms of personal accomplishment Low 33.4%; Intermediate 35.2%; High 31,4% Prevalence of severe BO across region, range Australia–New Zealand, India, Middle Europe, Scandinavia: 20–40% East Europe, North America, Asia, South America, UK, South Europe, the Middle East: 50–70% |
_ |
| Chen R et al. [30] | China | CS | Several departments, including CCU | Participants: All participants: 12.596 Critical care units 3577 (28.4%) Intensive care 660 (5.2%) Female gender: All participants 95.6% Mean age (SD): All participants 33.1 (7.5) Professional title: Nurse 100% |
April 2020 | MBI | Burnout indices: Emotional exhaustion low 47.8% moderate 27.5% high 24.7% Depersonalization low 54.0% moderate 24.8% high 21.1% Lack of personal accomplishment low 96.9% moderate 2.1% high 1.1% |
Emotional exhaustion 20.1 (10.3) Depersonalization 5.9 (4.9) Lack of personal accomplishment: 19 (8.3) |
| Chor WPD et al. [31] | Singapore | CS | ED, UCC | Participants: 337 Female gender: 67.7% Median age: NA Professional title: Physician 37.7% Nurse 62.3% |
May 2020 | CBI | Moderate to severe burnout 49.3% | 49.2 (18.6) Nurses 51.3 (19.6) Physicians 45.7 (16.2) (p = 0.005) |
| Gomez S et al. [32] | USA | MM | ICU | Participants: 21 Female gender: NA Mean age: NA Professional title: Physicians 71% |
March–May 2020 | SPFI & WBI | 57% | _ |
| Cao J et al. [33] | China | CS | Fever clinic | Participants: 37 Female gender: 78.4% Mean age (SD): 32.8 (9.6) Professional title: Physician 43.2% Nurse 51.3% Clinical technicians 5.4% |
- | MBI | Data regarding 32 responders Burnout indices: Emotional Exhaustion 3.1% Depersonalization 12.5% Personal Accomplishment 25% |
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| Wahlster S et al. [23] | World-wide (77 countries included) | CS | ICU | Participants: 2700 Female gender: 65% Mean age: NA Professional title: Physician 41% Nurse 40% Advanced practice provider: 8% Respiratory therapist: 11% |
04/23–05/7/2020 | NA | Overall burnout: 52% East Asia and Pacific 30% Europe and Central Asia 48% Latin America and the Caribbean 42% Middle East and North Africa 44% North America 57% South Asia 33% Sub-Saharan Africa 33% |
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Abbreviations: Copenhagen Burnout Inventory (CBI), critical care unit (CCC), cross-sectional study (CS), emergency departments (ED), intensive care unit (ICU), longitudinal study (LS), Maslach Burnout Inventory (MBI), mixed-methods study (MM), not available (NA), professional quality of life (ProQoL), Stanford Professional Fulfillment Index (SPFI) & Well-Being Index (WBI) urgent care center (UCC).