Table 3.

Systematic review on burnout among professionals working in intensive care units and emergency departments: selected studies.

1st Author	Risk Factors for Burnout in ICU/ED Healthcare Workers
Sharma M et al. [25]	Adjusted relative risk: aRR [IC 95%] Insufficient access to PPE: 1.43 [1.32–1.55]; p < 0.01 Poor communication from supervisors: 1.13 [1.06–1.21]; p < 0.01 Worries about financial situation: 1.09 [1.01–1.18]; p 0.02 Social stigma from community: 1.32 [1.24–1.41]; p < 0.01
de Wit K et al. [27]	Factors associated with emotional exhaustion: Having being tested for COVID-19 [OR = 11.5, 95% CI (3.1–42.5)] Number of shifts worked [(OR = 1.3, 95% CI (1.1–1.5) per additional shift, per week] Factors associated with depersonalization: Having been tested for COVID-19 [(OR 4.3, 95% CI (1.1–17.8)]
Buselli R et al. [28]	Burnout presented a significant positive association with the PHQ-9 scores [b = 0.4 (SE = 0.10), p < 0.001] and with the GAD-7 scores [(b = 0.20 (SE = 0.06), p = 0.001)]
Tsan SEH et al. [29]	Burnout and depression risk were associated each other (p < 0.0001). Burnout is associated with number of calls per week (p = 0.038) and worry regarding COVID-19 (p = 0.014)
Azoulay E et al. [24]	Age and female gender were also associated with a higher prevalence of severe burnout (45 [37,38,39,40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51] vs. 47 years [40,41,42,43,44,45,46,47,48,49,50,51,52,53,54,55], p = 0.0001, and 38.2% vs. 30.1%, p = 0.02). Clinicians with symptoms of anxiety, depression, or severe burnout were more frequently smoking or taking sleeping pills, whereas alcohol consumption was not affected. The number of COVID-19 patients managed was not associated with the prevalence of the psychological burden. Factors independently associated with symptoms of severe burnout included age (HR 0.98/year [0.97–0.99]) and clinician’s rating about the ethical climate (HR 0.76 [0.69–0.82])
Chor WPD et al. [31]	Staff who were originally working in the ED or UCC before the COVID-19 pandemic also had a higher rate of moderate-to-severe personal burnout as compared to those compared to those deployed from other departments (90.4% versus 9.6%, p = 0.004)
Gomez S et al. [32]	Among those with burnout, the strongest driver of burnout was related to workload and job demands. Conversely, meaning in work, social support and community at work, and culture and values of work community appeared to be protective of developing burnout as sources of well-being (p < 0.001).
Wahlster S et al. [23]	Adjusted relative risk: aRR [IC 95%] Being female 1.16 (1.01–1.33) p = 0.03 Being a nurse 1.31 (1.13–1.53) p = 0.01 Caring for 10 to 50 patients 1.17 (1.04–1.33) p = 0.01 Caring > 50 patients 1.28 (1.06–1.53) p = 0.01 Poor communication from supervisors 1.30 (1.16–1.46) p < 0.001 Limited availability of PAPRs 1.30 (1.09–1.55) p < 0.001 Lack of nurses 1.18 (1.05–1.33) p = 0.01 Providers in Europe and Central Asia were 14% less likely to report burnout than were providers in North America 0.86 (0.75–1.00) p = 0.04.

Abbreviations: adjusted risk ratio (aRR), emergency departments (ED), generalized anxiety disorders 7 (GAD-7), hazard ratio (HR), intensive care unit (ICU), odds ratio (OR), personal protective equipment (PPE), patient health questionnaire 9 (PHQ-9), urgent care center (UCC).