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Correlations between HDS and sperm parameters. Significant negative correlations were shown between HDS and total sperm number (r = −0.366, p < 0.05, not shown), sperm concentration (r = −0.420, p < 0.01) (a) and normal morphology (r = −0.399, p ≤ 0.01) (b). HDS were significantly positively associated with head defects (r = 0.378, p < 0.05, not shown) as well as peroxidase-positive cells (r = 0.342, p < 0.05) (c).
