AGEs	Advanced glycation end-products
AMPK	AMP-activated protein kinase
ATF4	Activating transcription factor 4
BMP	Bone morphogenetic protein
CARM1	Coactivator-associated arginine methyltransferase 1
CGM	Continuous glucose monitoring
CHOP	C/EBP homologous protein
CHG	Constantly high glucose
DNMT3b	DNA (cytosine-5-)-methyltransferase 3 beta
eNOS	Endothelial nitric oxide synthase
EPCs	Endothelial progenitor cells
ER	Endoplasmic reticulum
ERK	Extracellular signal-regulated kinase
GLUT4	Glucose transporter type 4
GSK3β	Glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta
GV	Glucose variability
HbA1c	Glycated hemoglobin A1c
hsCRP	High-sensitivity C-reactive protein
HMGB1	High-mobility group box 1
HUVECs	Human umbilical vein endothelial cells
ICAM-1	Intercellular adhesion molecules 1
IHG	Intermittently high glucose
INS-1	Insulinoma cells
IRF5	Interferon regulatory factor 5
JNK	c-Jun N-terminal kinase
LAMP	Lysosomal-associated membrane protein
LC3	Microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B
MAGE	Mean amplitude of glucose excursions
MAPK	Mitogen-activated protein kinase
MCP-1	Monocyte chemoattractant protein 1
miRNAs	small single-stranded non-coding RNAs
mTOR	Mechanistic target of rapamycin
mTORC1	Mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
NADPH	Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate
NF-κB	Nuclear factor kB
PAI-1	Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1
PI3K	Phosphoinositide-3-kinase
PKC	Protein kinase C
ROS	Reactive oxygen species
RUNX2	Runt-related transcription factor 2
SHC1	SHC-transforming protein 1
SKP2	S-phase kinase-associated protein 2
SD	Standard deviation
sICAM-1	Soluble intercellular adhesion molecules 1
SIRT1	Sirtuin 1
SGLT1	Sodium-glucose cotransporter 1
SOD2	Superoxide dismutase 2
T1D	Type 1 diabetes
T2D	Type 2 diabetes
TGF-β1	Transforming growth factor beta 1
TLR4	Toll-like receptor 4
TNF-α	Tumor necrosis factor α
TSP-1	Thrombospondin-1
TUNEL	Terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling
VCAM-1	Vascular cell adhesion molecules 1
VEGF	Vascular endothelial growth factor
VSMCs	Vascular smooth muscle cells