Table 1.

Function of exosomal PD-L1 in tumor progression.

Type of Tumor	Source	Function	References
Colorectal cancer (CRC)	Serum and plasma	MiR-486-5p promotes the proliferation and migration of CRC cells by activating the signal pathways of pleomorphic adenomatoid gene 2 (PLAGL2), insulin-like growth factor 2 (IGF2) and β-catenin in vivo and in vitro.	[74]
Head and neck squamous cell carcinomas	Plasma	Downregulate CD69 expression on effector T cells to inhibit antitumor response	[75]
Prostate cancer	Tumor tissue	Suppress the function of T cells in the draining lymph node and block anti-PD-L1 antibodies	[66]
Melanoma	Plasma	Suppress the function of CD8 + T cells and cause failure of anti-PD-1 therapy	[69]