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. 2021 Jul 22;22(15):7837. doi: 10.3390/ijms22157837

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Three-dimensional bioprinting of tendons and ligaments. (A). (i) A 3D bioprinted tendon construct; (ii) comparison of immunofluorescence staining against TNMD and SCX in 3D bioprinted tendon constructs using collagen and TdECM on day 7; (iii,iv) relative mRNA expression of tendon-specific and ECM genes in tendon constructs in collagen and TdECM groups at day 7; (v) confocal fluorescence images of tendon constructs at culture day 14 without and with anchor (scale: 50 μm). (B). (i) Thermally crosslinked 3D bioprinted GelMA hydrogel scaffolds; (ii) viability of periodontal ligament stem cells embedded in the 3D bioprinted constructs during 14 days. (*, p < 0.05, **, p < 0.05). Reproduced with permission from Refs. [133,138] with slight changes [133,138].