Figure 6.

Three-dimensional bioprinting of vascularized and innervated musculoskeletal tissue. (A). (i) Schematic diagram of 3D bioprinting with specific bioinks and designed experimental groups; (ii) spatially localized VEGF and BMP-2 leads to improved angio-genesis and bone healing effects. (B). (i) Schematic diagram of the 3D bioprinted innervated skeletal muscle construct: the cell-laden bioink containing human muscle progenitor cells (hMPCs) and/or hNSCs, the acellular sacrificing bio-ink, and the supporting PCL pillar were deposited by multi-dispensing modules, and the microchannels in the con-structs were created upon the removal of the sacrificial pattern; (ii) comparison of myofiber maturation and neural integration performances under different experimental conditions (MPC only vs. MPC + NSC). Reproduced with permission from Refs. [140,143] with slight changes [140,143].