Table 1.

Comparison of 3D cell-printing techniques.

	Inkjet	Extrusion	Laser
Printer cost	Low	Medium	High
Bioink viscosities	3.5–12 mPa·s	30 mPa·s to >6 × ${10}^7$ mPa·s	1–300 mPa·s
Dispensing speed	Fast (1–250,000 droplets/s)	Slow (10 μm–50 mm/s)	Medium–Fast (200–1600 mm/s)
Preparation time	Low	Medium	High
Resolution	2 μm or single cell	100 μm	~20 μm
Cell viability	>85%	40–80%	>95%
Cell densities	Low (<${10}^6$ cells/mL)	High (cell spheroids)	Medium (108 cells/mL)