TABLE 2.
Probiotic effects on Rheumatoid Arthritis in clinical trials.
| Author/ year | Sample size/ study duration/ RA severity | Probiotic strain | Administration dose | Evaluated Parameters | Main findings | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| RCT with L. rhamnosus | (Hatakka et al., 2003) | n = 21/12 months/mild disease | L. rhamnosus GG | ≥5 × 109 CFU/capsule (4 caps/day) | HAQ; TJC and SJC; ESR; CRP; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-10; IL-12; TNF | No statistical differences were observed; ↑ number of subjects reporting subjective well being in the probiotic group | ||
| (Pineda et al., 2011) | n = 29/3 months/severity not described | L. rhamnosus GR-1L. reuteri RC-14 | 2 × 109 CFU/capsule (2 caps/day) | TJC and SJC; ESR; CRP; TNF; IL-1 α; IL-1β; IL-6; IL-10; IL-12; GH VAS; pain VAS; HAQ | No statistical differences were observed between groups | |||
| RCT with L.casei | (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2014) | n = 46/8weeks/mild to moderate disease | L. casei 01 | ≥108 CFU/capsule (1 caps/day) | IL-1β; IL-6; IL-10; IL-12;TNF | ↓ IL-6; ↓ IL-12; ↓ TNF;↑ IL-10 | ||
| (Alipour et al., 2014) | n = 46/8 weeks/mild to moderate disease | L. casei 01 | ≥108 CFU/capsule (1 caps/day) | DAS28; TJC and SJC; GH score; hs-CRP | ↓ DAS28;↓ hs-CRP; ↓ GH score; ↓ TJC and SJC | |||
| (Vaghef-Mehrabany et al., 2016) | n = 46/8 weeks/mild to moderate disease | L. casei 01 | ≥108 CFU/capsule (1 caps/day) | MDA; SOD; GPx; CAT; TAC | No significant effect was observed on the oxidative status | |||
| (Zamani et al., 2016) | n = 60/8 weeks/moderate to severe disease | L. acidophilusL. caseiB. bifidum | 2x109 CFU/g of each strain (1 caps/day) | DAS28; TJC and SJC; VAS of pain; hs-CRP; serum insulin; HOMA-B; HOMA-IR; lipid profile; NO; TAC; GSH; MDA | ↓ DAS28;↓ serum insulin; ↓ HOMA-B;↓ hs-PCR | |||
| (Cannarella et al., 2021) | n = 47/60 days/severity not described | L. casei LC-11L. acidophilus LA-14Lactococcus lactis LL-23B. Lactis BL-04B. Bifidum BB-06 | 109 CFU/sachet of each strain (1 sachet/day) | DAS28; GH VAS; TJC and SJC; WBC; ESR; hs-CRP; TNF; IL-6; IL-10; adiponectin; LOOH; PC; NO; SH | ↓ WBC; ↓ TNF;↓ IL-6; ↓ NOx;↑ Total antioxidant capacity (TRAP); ↑ SH | |||
| RCT with Bacillus coagulans | (Mandel et al., 2010) | n = 45/60 days/severity not described | Bacillus Coagulans GBI-30, 6086 | 2x109 CFU/day | HAQ-DI; TJC and SJC; ERS; CRP; pain score; global assessment | ↓ pain score and CRP | ||
B, bifidobacterium; CAT, catalase; CRP, C-reactive protein; DAS28, disease activity score 28 joint count; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; GH, global health; GSH, glutathione; GPx, glutathione peroxidase; HAQ, Health Assessment Questionnaire; HAQ-DI, Stanford Health Assessment Questionnaire Disability Index; HOMA-B, homeostatic model assessment-B cell function; HOMA-IR, homeostasis model of assessment-estimated insulin resistance; hs-CRP, serum high sensitivity C-reactive protein; IL, interleukin; L, lactobacillus; LOOH, lipid hydroperoxide; MDA, malondialdehyde; NO, nitric oxide; NOx, nitric oxid metabolites; PC, protein carbonyl; RCT, randomized clinical trial; RA, rheumatoid arthritis; SH, sulfhydryl groups; SJC, swollen joint counts; SOD, superoxide dismutase; TAC, total antioxidant capacity; TJC, tender joint counts; TNF, tumour necrosis factor; TRAP, total radical-trapping antioxidant parameter; VAS, visual analogue scale; WBC, white blood cell counts.