Table 1.
Incidence and risk factors for CAPA (31 studies identified in the literature).
| Study | Country | Environment, n (%) | Comments | Comorbitities |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Bartoletti et al. [8] | Italy | ICU, 108 (27.27) | Prospective study | Obesity, AH, DM, Coronary disease, COPD, CReF, Hemodialysis, Cerebrovascular disease, Malignancies, Solid-organ transplant, Chronic steroid treatment |
| Alanio et al. [9] | France | ICU, 27 (33.3) | Putative IPA mainly | AH, Obesity, DM, BA, Cardiac disease |
| Rutsaert et al. [10] | Belgium | ICUs, 20 (35) | None | AH, DM, Hypercholesterinemia, CReF, Obesity, AML, HIV |
| Chen et al. [14] | China | ICU, 48 (27.1) | Mixed fungal infections High IL-6 levels | DM, AH, Heart disease |
| Lescure et al. [15] | France | 5 patients | None | Gout, AH, Thyroid cancer |
| Koehler et al. [16] | Germany | ICU, 19 (26.3) | None | AH, COPD, DM, Obesity OSA |
| van Arkel et al. [17] | Netherlands | ICU, 31 (19.4) | 3 probable/3 possible CAPA | Cardiomyopathy, COPD, BA |
| Blaize et al. [18] | France | ICU Case report | Putative aspergillosis | MDS, AH, Hashimoto disease |
| Prattes et al. [19] | Austria | ICU Case report | 69-year-old patient | COPD, OSA, Obesity, DM, AH, Cardiac disease |
| Antinori et al. [20] | Italy | ICU Case report | None | DM, AH, Atrial fibrillation, obesity |
| Wang et al. [21] | China | Hospital, 104 (8.5) | Mainly elderly patients | DM, AH, Cardiac disease, COPD, CReF |
| Meijer et al. [22] | Netherland | ICU Case report | None | Reflux, polyarthrosis |
| Mohamed et al. [23] | Irelend | ICU Case report | Triazole-resistance | DM, AH, Hyperlipidaemia, Obesity |
| Ghelfenstein-Ferreira et al. [24] | France | ICU Case report | Triazole-resistance | DM, AH, Hyperlipidemia, Obesity |
| Santana et al. [25] | Brazil | ICU Case report | Autopsy confirmed CAPA | AH, DM, CReF |
| Nasir et al. [26] | Pakistan | ICU, 23 (21.7) | 4 patients with colonization | DM, AH, Atrial myxoma, Recent stroke |
| Lamoth et al. [27] | Switzerland | ICU, 118 (3.8) | None | AH, DM, Obesity, Pulmonary fibrosis, BA |
| Van Biesen et al. [28] | Netherlands | ICU, 42 (21.4) | None | COPD, DM, AH, Chronic steroid treatment, Neutropenia, Stem cell transplant, Immunodeficiency |
| Flikweert et al. [29] | Netherlands | ICU, Unknown number of included patients | 7 CAPA cases | AH, DM, CReF |
| Falces-Romero et al. [30] | Spain | ICU, Unknown number of included patients | 10 CAPA cases | MDS, HIV, DM, COPD, Ankylosing spondylitis, Acquired hemophilia A, Hypothyroidism, CLL, Cardiac Disease |
| Helleberg et al. [31] | Denmark | ICU, 8 (25) | Patients under ECMO | AH, BA |
| White et al. [32] | UK | ICU, 135 (14) | None | DM, AH, CReF, Obesity, Cancer, CRF malignancy, Hyperlipidaemia, Cardiac and vascular disease, Autoimmune disorders |
| Gangneux et al. [33] | France | ICU, 45 (15.6) | 8 patients with colonization | DM, AH, Cancer, Hemopathy, CRF, Cardiovascular disease |
| Lahmer et al. [34] | Germany | ICU, 2 cases | None | Pulmonary fibrosis |
| Borman et al. [35] | UK | ICU, 719 (20) | 15 possible/probable CAPA cases | |
| Machado et al. [36] | Spain | ICU, 239 (3.3) | 5 patients with colonization | DM, AH, BA, Obesity, COPD, CReF, CLL, Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, CNS disease |
| Dellière et al. [37] | France | ICU, 366 (5.7) | None | Kidney transplant recipient, HIV, Cancer, Steroids treatment |
| Brown et al. [38] | UK | ICU, 62 (20) | (+) GM test: 6 patients (+) PCR 5 patients | |
| Fekkar et al. [39] | France | ICU, 145 (4.8) | 6 CAPA cases, 1 fusariosis | DM, AH, Obesity, Tabagism, Kidney and liver transplantation, Steroids treatment, Dyslipidemia |
| Razazi et al. [40] | France | ICU, 90 (11) | Probable (8%), Putative (2%) Aspergillus tracheobronchitis (1%) | DM, AH, COPD, Dialysis, Stroke, CHF (NYHA classification 3–4), Arrhythmias, CReF |
| Chauvet et al. [41] | USA | ICU, 46 (13.3) | None | Atrial fibrilation, COPD, AH, OSA, DM, CRF, Coronary Disease, CHD, ESRD, Nephrectomy, Vasculitis, Junctional tachycardia, Bipolar disorder, Hypercholesterolemia, Obesity, Hypothyroidism, Gastric ulcer, Atherosclerosis, Sarcopenia |
The incidence includes proven/probable and putative cases of CAPA, while patients with colonization are mentioned in comments.
AH: Arterial hypertension; AML: Acute myeloid leukaemia; BA: Bronchial asthma; CAPA: COVID-19-associated aspergillosis; COPD: Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; COVID-19: Coronavirus disease 2019; CHD: Congenital heart disease; CHF: Congestive heart failure; CLL: Chronic lymphocytic leukemia; CNS: Central nervous system; CRF: Chronic respiratory failure; CReF: Chronic renal failure; DM: Diabetes mellitus; ECMO: Extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; ESRD: End stage renal disease; GM: Galactomannan; HIV: Human immunodeficiency syndrome; ICU: Intensive care unit; IL-6: Interleukin-6; IPA: Invasive pulmonary aspergillosis; OSA: Obstructive sleep apnea; MDS: Mylodysplastic syndrome; NYHA: New York Heart Association; PCR: Polymerase chain reaction.