Table 2.
Clinical characteristics of cases of IE within the HACEK genera
| Haemophilus n = 24 | Aggregatibacter n = 49 | Cardiobacterium n = 13 | Eikenella n = 3 | Kingella n = 7 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years, median | 47 (30–60) | 67 (55–73)*** | 64 (53–75) | 69 (60–69) | 59 (32–65) |
| Gender (% m) | 14 (58) | 33 (67) | 13 (100) | 3 (100) | 5 (71) |
| Number of definite IE | 23 (96) | 44 (90) | 8 (62) | 2 (67) | 6 (86) |
| Underlying disease | |||||
| Diabetes | 1 (4.2) | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) |
| Cancer | 0 (0) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Underlying heart disease | |||||
| Native valve disease | 9 (38) | 11 (22) | 2 (15) | 2 (67) | 2 (29) |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 7 (29) | 16 (33) | 7 (54) | 2 (67) | 2 (29) |
| Previous IE | 2 (8.3) | 2 (4.1) | 3 (23) | 1 (33) | 1 (14) |
| Pacemaker/ICD | 4 (17) | 13 (27) | 2 (15) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) |
| Predisposing factors for IE | 17 (71) | 36 (73) | 10 (77) | 2 (67) | 4 (57) |
| Type of infection | |||||
| NVE, left isolated | 12 (50) | 19 (39) | 6 (46) | 1 (33) | 5 (71) |
| NVE, right isolated | 1 (4.2) | 2 (4.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| NVE, double sided | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| PVE | 8 (33) | 15 (30) | 7 (54) | 2 (67) | 2 (29) |
| CIED | 3 (13) | 12 (24) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1 (14) |
| Location of acquisition | |||||
| Community | 23 (96) | 46 (94) | 13 (100) | 2 (67) | 7 (100) |
| Nosocomial | 0 (0) | 3 (6.1) | 0 (0) | 1 (33) | 0 (0) |
| Health care associated | 1 (4.2) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
| Course of disease | |||||
| Onset to hospitalization, d | 7 (5–38) | 19 (5–15) | 16 (2–68) | 2 (0–4) | 7 (4–13) |
| Length of stay, d | 31 (28–36) | 33 (22–42) | 33 (22–52) | 42 (18–86) | 25 (14–37) |
| Treatment length, d | 34 (28–42) | 32 (29–43) | 30 (28–42) | 42 (0–70) | 28 (25–42) |
| Embolization | 6 (22) | 10 (22) | 3 (23) | 1 (33) | 0 (0) |
| Surgery | 11 (40) | 14 (30) | 8 (62) | 0 (0) | 3 (43) |
| Mortality | 0 (0) | 1 (2.1) | 1 (7.7) | 0 (0) | 0 (0) |
Interquartile range (IQR) is presented in brackets when continuous variables are presented. Categorical data are presented as n (%), and continuous data are presented as median. Statistical analyses were done by comparing Haemophilus and Aggregatibacter. For categorical variables Chi2 or Fisher’s exact test was used, and for continuous variables the Mann-Whitney U test was used
IE infective endocarditis, SRIE Swedish Registry of Infective Endocarditis, IQR interquartile range, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, NVE native valve endocarditis, PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis, CIED cardiac implantable electronic device infection, Mortality death during hospital treatment.
***p ≤ 0.001