Table 4.
Clinical features of cases of IE due to HACEK compared to other pathogens
| HACEK n = 96 | Staphylococcus aureus n =1935 | Alpha-haemolytic streptococci n = 1484 | Enterococci n = 538 | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age, years in median (IQR) | 63 (47–72) | 66 (46–79)** | 70 (58–80)*** | 73 (61–72)*** |
| Gender (% m) | 71 | 62 | 72 | 76 |
| Number of definite IE (%) | 86 | 94*** | 90 | 92 |
| Underlying disease (%) | ||||
| Diabetes | 5.2 | 18*** | 13* | 18*** |
| Cancer | 2.1 | 9.2* | 10** | 16*** |
| IVDU | 0 | 24*** | 3.6 | 13*** |
| Underlying heart disease (%) | ||||
| Native valve disease | 26 | 12*** | 30 | 19 |
| Prosthetic heart valve | 35 | 14*** | 26* | 38 |
| Previous IE (%) | 9.4 | 8.8 | 9.3 | 16 |
| Pacemaker/ICD (%) | 20 | 17 | 7.9*** | 18 |
| Predisposing factors for IE, (%) | 72 | 59** | 60* | 70 |
| Type of infection (%) | ||||
| NVE, left isolated | 45 | 53 | 69*** | 49 |
| NVE, right isolated | 3.1 | 21*** | 2.4 | 4.8 |
| NVE, double sided | 1.0 | 2.1 | 0.5 | 0.2 |
| PVE | 35 | 14*** | 26* | 38 |
| CIED | 16 | 12 | 3.0*** | 8.9* |
| Location of acquisition (%) | ||||
| Community | 95 | 82*** | 92 | 80*** |
| Nosocomial | 4.2 | 12* | 4.6 | 13* |
| Health care associated | 1.0 | 3.7 | 1.3 | 4.6 |
| Course of disease | ||||
| Onset to hospitalization (d) | 10 (4–27) | 2 (1–5)*** | 14 (3–33) | 7 (2–21)** |
| Length of stay (d) | 31 (23–41) | 33 (27–44) | 29 (18–37)* | 39 (29–46)*** |
| Treatment length (d) | 32 (28–42) | 30 (28–40)* | 28 (26–34)*** | 37 (28–42) |
| Embolization (%) | 21 | 44*** | 22 | 23 |
| Surgery (%) | 39 | 24** | 22*** | 26* |
| Mortality (%) | 2.1 | 15*** | 5.7 | 11** |
Interquartile range (IQR) is presented in brackets when continuous variables are presented. Categorical variables are presented as count (percentage) and continuous data as median. Statistical analyses were done by comparing HACEK to the other pathogens respectively. Statistical tests used for categorical variables were Chi2-test and when the outcome was less than five Fisher’s exact test was used. For continuous variables, the Mann-Whitney U test was used
IE infective endocarditis, SRIE Swedish Registry of Infective Endocarditis, IQR interquartile range, IVDU intravenous drug use, ICD implantable cardioverter defibrillator, NVE native valve endocarditis, PVE prosthetic valve endocarditis, CIED cardiac implantable electronic device infection, Mortality death during hospital treatment
p-values are presented in the following way: *p ≤ 0.05; **p ≤0.01; ***p ≤0.001