Table 7.

Differences between laparoscopic systems on the NASA task load scale

	Classic		Single-port		t	p	Cohen's d
	M	SD	M	SD
Mental demand	4.15	2.22	5.09	2.43	5.272	0.001	0.502
Physical demand	4.34	1.95	6.05	2.19	8.217	0.001	0.781
Temporal demand	3.93	2.42	4.57	2.84	2.724	0.008	0.259
Effort	5.43	2.03	6.47	1.89	5.453	0.001	0.517
Performancea	3.87	2.16	4.50	2.18	3.488	0.001	0.334
Frustration	3.77	2.30	4.83	2.34	4.763	0.001	0.456

^aThis item was inversely coded. Lower values mean better performance