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. 2021 Aug 6;12:4773. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-24956-2

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 4 — a Walking distance during the 6MWT performed on the Caren-system (O, n = 17; TO, n = 17; IO, n = 6). b Maximum rate of oxygen consumption measured during graded cycling exercise (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 6). c Maximal power output measured during graded cycling test (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 6). d Muscle strength expressed as the extension and flexion peak torque during an isokinetic protocol on the Biodex system and corrected for fat-free mass (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 6). e Upper leg muscle volume measured by MRI (O, n = 17; TO, n = 18; IO, n = 6). f Resting energy expenditure adjusted for FFM (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 5). g Respiratory exchange ratio measured before, in resting conditions, and during submaximal exercise (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 5). h Exercise efficiency measured during a submaximal cycle test and expressed as gross efficiency and net efficiency (O, n = 17; TO, n = 19; IO, n = 5). Light gray bars represent normally active older adults (O); dark gray bars represent trained older adults (TO); white bars represent physically impaired older adults (IO). Upon the advice of the responsible medical doctor, one IO participant did not perform the maximal and submaximal exercise tests. One TO participant did not perform the 6MWT due to scheduling issues. The reported 6MWT distance from another TO was invalid and therefore excluded for analysis. Data presented in panels a and c were analyzed by two-sided Kruskal–Wallis tests followed by Bonferroni correction. Data presented in panels b, d–h were analyzed by one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Values are presented as mean ± SD (with individual data points), asterisk denotes significant differences between two groups (p < 0.05). 6MWT 6-min walk test distance, VO₂max maximal aerobic capacity, Nm newton meters, FFM fat-free mass, RER respiratory exchange ratio, REE resting energy expenditure, EE exercise efficiency.