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. 2021 Aug 6;11:15998. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-94960-5

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Individual states and rules of interactions. Using the same coloring system used in animated simulations, we show the different states an individual can be in during a simulation. Individuals keep the masked or not masked attribute assigned at initialization during the course of the simulation. (A) Spread of infection is caused by interactions of overlapping trajectories between infected and susceptible individuals. If the distance between individuals, d, is less than the radius of the two individuals, r, then an interaction occurs. Interactions initiate the generation of a random number that determines if transmission occurs. The chance of infection is randomly generated, based on a gamma distribution with shape parameter, alpha, of 0.25. This probability is further modulated by which individuals in the interactions are wearing face masks. (B) Agents are shown at their positions and states during snapshots of the simulation. Representative simulations of are shown of 0, 40, or 80% of the population wearing face masks. Snapshots are collected at days 0, 20, and 40 of the simulations. (C) Progression of the outbreak, the trajectory of the number of new daily infected individuals (Currently infected) and cumulatively infected from a representative simulation are graphed in light blue and black, respectively.