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. 2021 Aug 6;12:4751. doi: 10.1038/s41467-021-25093-6

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article’s Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article’s Creative Commons license and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this license, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Fig. 3 — a The diagram of PeLED structure. b The normalized electroluminescence spectra of Cs/Pb = 1.56 and Cs/Pb = 1.24, the inset is the photo of a Cs/Pb = 1.24 LED driven at 4 V. c Current density and luminance versus voltage characteristics of the PeLEDs. d EQE-current density curves of these two devices. e The EQE summary of thermally evaporated PeLEDs so far reported^{25–27, 36, 51–55}. f Operational stability of devices at an initial luminance of 100 cd/m². g The simulated radiative efficiency evolution with carrier density by using the fitted recombination constants. h The normalized radiative efficiency η as a function of the carrier density. i The effect of k₁ and k₂ on the radiative efficiency with k₃ fixed. k₁/10 means k₁ is 10⁷ while k₂ remains invariable (10⁻⁹).