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. 2021 Aug 6;11:16040. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95003-9

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© This is a U.S. Government work and not under copyright protection in the US; foreign copyright protection may apply 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Changes in coronal brain slices due to whole-body or torso-only blast exposure in the indirect-mechanism study, as indicated by (A) GFAP-positive, (B) Iba-1-positive, (C) NeuN-positive, and (D) silver staining. Asterisks denote statistically significant differences (p < 0.05) between blast-exposed (n = 4) and control (n = 4) groups. The bar heights and vertical line lengths represent the mean and one standard error of the mean (SEM), respectively. At each brain-slice region for each group, we determined the mean and SEM using the corresponding brain-slice data. For each staining assessment, we then normalized the data for controls by the highest control value. Lastly, we normalized the data from blast-exposed groups (i.e., whole-body and torso-only) by the data from their respective controls at each region. We normalized the data for presentation purposes only. We conducted all statistical analyses using the raw data with their respective values.