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. 2021 Aug 6;11:16001. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-95364-1

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open AccessThis article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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Visualization of predicted airway trees on the EXACT’09 data obtained by our U-Net-based method and the nnU-Net method⁴⁶. True positives are displayed in green and false positives in red, indicated according to the EXACT’09 evaluation. The cases displayed correspond to 3 out of the 5 U-Net results with the highest false positive rate reported in the EXACT’09 evaluation, where we found through visual inspection that many of the reported false positives are real airways on the CT scan, which were presumably missing in the EXACT’09 reference.