Fig. 1. Survey into the distribution of total antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in diverse environments to inform the development of the risk framework.

a The total concentrations of total antibiotics (filled circles for ng/L and open circles for ng/g) in different habitats from 30 studies (Supplementary Data 1). Each circle represents a sample, with color representing its habitat. b The abundance of total ARGs and abundance of ARGs in different habitats. Each circle represents a metagenomic sample, with color representing its habitat. The abundance of ARGs was normalized into copy of ARGs per cell (ARGs-OAP, more details in “Methods” section). c PCA plotting ARG composition clustered 854 metagenomic samples from seven global eco-habitats into undisturbed natural environments (green panel covering permafrost, soil, sediment, and water) and human associated environments (red panel covering wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs), animal feces and human feces). Samples were clustered into three habitats (from undisturbed natural habitats, to WWTPs, to feces) along the primary axis of “human-association”, with its color representing its habitat. Data in a are presented as mean values (center) and 25%, 75% percentiles (bounds of box). Data in b and c are presented as median values (center) and 25%, 75% percentiles (bounds of box). The minima and maxima represent the range of the data.