Table 3. Unadjusted association between improper MDI techniques and sociodemographic, disease characteristic, and patient factors.
Factors |
B |
SE |
P-value |
Crude OR |
95% CI |
|
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Lower |
Upper |
|||||
|
<60 years old* ≥60 years old |
0.521 |
0.603 |
0.387 |
1 1.684 |
0.517 |
5.486 |
|
Male* Female |
0.353 |
.408 |
0.387 |
1 1.423 |
0.640 |
3.166 |
|
Malay* Non-Malay |
.956 |
426 |
0.503 |
1 2.600 |
0.159 |
42.572 |
|
Primary and secondary school Certificate and diploma Degree and above* |
-0.091 -0.067 |
0.446 0.483 |
0.838 0.890 0.979 |
0.913 0.935 1 |
0.381 0.363 |
2.188 2.411 |
|
Employed* Student Unemployed |
-1.437 0.593 |
1.066 0.482 |
0.162 0.177 0.219 |
1 0.238 1.809 |
0.029 0.703 |
1.918 4.656 |
|
Household income >3000* Household income ≤3000 |
-0.135 |
0.373 |
0.718 |
1 0.874 |
0.421 |
1.815 |
|
No comorbid* 1 comorbid ≥2 comorbids |
-0.068 0.014 |
0.495 0.532 |
0.989 0.891 0.979 |
1 0.934 1.014 |
0.354 0.357 |
2.466 2.878 |
|
>5 years had asthma* ≤5 years had asthma |
0.376 |
0.510 |
0.460 |
1 1.457 |
0.536 |
3.959 |
|
>5 years used MDI* ≤5 years used MDI |
0.882 |
0.400 |
0.028 |
1 2.415 |
1.102 |
5.288 |
|
On an MDI preventer* Not on an MDI preventer |
0.812 |
0.377 |
0.031 |
1 2.253 |
1.077 |
4.714 |
|
1 inhaler* >1 inhaler |
-0.194 |
0.481 |
0.687 |
1 0.824 |
0.321 |
2.116 |
|
Regular follow-up* No follow-up |
0.464 |
0.377 |
0.218 |
1 1.590 |
0.760 |
3.325 |
|
Good asthma knowledge* Poor and moderate asthma knowledge |
-0.275 |
0.387 |
0.478 |
1 0.760 |
0.356 |
1.624 |
= reference group, SE = standard error, CI = confidence interval, MDI = metered-dose inhaler, β = P coefficient, OR = odds ratio