Table 1.
Summary of blood-protein biomarkers reflecting the severity of psoriasis.
| Group | Biomarkers | Cellular Source | Findings |
|---|---|---|---|
| blood cell counts | NLR | - | increase especially in cases with arthritis |
| PLR | - | ||
| cytokines | IL-17A | Th17, Tc17, ILC3, etc. | relation with atherosclerosis, fatty liver, and insulin resistance |
| IL-17F | Th17, Tc17, ILC3, colon epithelial cells, etc. |
much higher serum IL-17F levels than IL-17A levels | |
| IL-22 | Th17, Th22, Tc22, ILC3, etc. | vascular protective effect; relation with liver fibrosis |
|
| IL-19 | monocytes, macrophages, keratinocytes, fibroblasts, etc. |
vascular protective effect | |
| IL-36γ | epidermis | relatively specific to skin lesions | |
| chemokines | Fractalkine | APCs, ECs, and epidermis |
close correlation with atherosclerosis |
| TARC | DCs, ECs, epidermis, and fibroblasts |
a biomarker for AD; possible relation to deeper remission during anti-IL-17 therapy; correlation with severity of GPP |
|
| adipokines | Resistin | macrophages, monocytes, and adipocytes |
close correlation with atherosclerosis |
| Adiponectin | adipocytes | negatively correlated with atherosclerosis | |
| AMPs | β-defensin 2 | epidermis | relatively specific to skin lesion; |
| S100A7 | epidermis | correlation with atherosclerosis | |
| protease inhibitors |
SCCA2 | epidermis | also increase in AD |
| Elafin | Epidermis and immune cells |
correlation with CRP and ESR | |
| glycoproteins | LRG | hepatocytes, neutrophils, ECs, and macrophages |
correlation with CRP and arthritis |
| YKL-40 | neutrophils, macrophages, fibroblasts, ECs, and smooth muscle cells |
correlation with tumor progression, metabolic diseases, and arthritis | |
| FABPs | FABP-4 | adipocytes | increase in cardiovascular diseases; the expression in TRM infiltrating into psoriatic epidermis |
| i-FABP | intestine epithelial cells | correlation with disruption of intestine barrier |
AMP, antimicrobial peptide; FABP, fatty acid-binding protein; NLR, neutrophils/lymphocytes ratio; PLR, platelets/lymphocytes ratio; TARC, thymus and activation-regulated chemokine; LRG, leucin-rich alpha-2 glycoprotein; APCs, antigen presenting cells; ECs, endothelial cells; DCs, dendritic cells; AD, atopic dermatitis; GPP, generalized pustular psoriasis.