Table 1.

Summary of mechanisms of neutrophil extracellular trap formation in different species.

Microorganisms	Species	Mechanism	Types of NETosis	References
BACTERIA
Staphylococcus aureus	Mice Humans Bovine	Dependent on TLR2 and Complement C3 in mice PAD4 dependent Response to virulence factor, PVL in a ROS independent manner DNA extruded via vesicles Unknown	Vital Vital Unknown	[26] [40] [27]
E. coli	Humans * Mice * Bovine	* Mediated via platelet TLR4 Histone H3 citrullination by PAD4	Vital in the presence of platelets	[39] [28]
E. coli LPS	Humans *	* Mediated via platelet TLR4 and present HMGB1 to neutrophils	Vital in vivo	[29]
VIRUS
Influenza A Influenza H1N1	Mice Humans	Not dependent on PAD4 ROS and PAD4 dependent	Suicidal Suicidal	[30]
PARASITES
Eimeria bovis	Bovine	Recognition by CD11b Dependent on NAPDH oxidase, NE and MPO Requires p38 MAPK and ERK1/2 phosphorylation	Unknown	[31] [32]
Eimeria arloingi	Goat	NADPH oxidase dependent	Unknown	[33]
Besnoitia besnoiti	Bovine	Dependent on NAPDH oxidase, NE and MPO	Unknown	[34]
Toxoplasma gondii	Humans Mice	ERK-MEK dependent * NADPH oxidase/ROS dependent	Suicidal	[35]

TLR, toll-like receptor; C3, complement 3; PAD4, peptidyl arginine deiminase 4; PVL, Panto-Valentine leukocidin; HMGB1, high mobility group box 1; ROS, reactive oxygen species; NE, neutrophil elastase; MPO, myeloperoxidase; MAPK, mitogen-activated protein kinase, ERK1/2; extracellular signal regulated kinase ½, NADPH; nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate. * Mechanism found in specified species.