Table 3.
Selected immunomodulators tested in goat blood.
| Modulator (s) | Sample Type (s) | Cytokines | Innate Immune Response |
Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Probiotics | Whole blood, serum | IL2, IL5, IL10, IL8, IL18 | TLR4, TLR6, TLR7, TLR9 |
[96,143] |
| Cowpea | Whole blood, serum, plasma | TNFα, IL1α, ILβ, IL8 IL10RA, IL15, IP10, GCSF, Rantes and IFNγ |
TLR2 | [139] |
| Sericea lespedeza | Whole blood, Serum | TNF-α, IFNr, GCSF, GMCSF, IL-1α, IP-10 |
TLR2 and TLR4 | [132] |
| Mushroom | Neutrophils, Whole blood, serum | IFNr, Rantes, GCSF, and GM-CSF | TLR1, TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, TLR5, TLR6, TLR7, TLR8, TLR9, TLR10 |
[142] |
| Lipopolysaccharide | Mammary epithelial cells, whole blood, blood leukocytes | IL1B, CCL3 and IL8, CCL2, CXCL6, IL6, CXCL8 | PTGS2, IFIT3, MYD88, NFKB1, and TLR4 |
[92,144] |
IL2, interleukin 2; TLR, Toll-like receptor; TNFα, tumor necrosis factor α; GCSF, granulocyte colony stimulating factor; IFNγ, interferon γ; GMCSF, granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor; IP-10, IFN-γ-induced protein 10; IFNr, interferon regulator; CCL3, macrophage inflammatory protein-1 α, MIP-1α; CXCL6, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 6.