Table 2.
Summary of published δ18O, λref and 17O-excess in different samples. All values are averaged from published values. We note that the sampling location, period, and sampling numbers are distinct depending on the studies; thus, values are representative of local scale variations.
| Sample Type | δ18O Range |
17O-Excess Mean or Range (Per meg) | λref | Analytical Method | Time Scale | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Low- and mid-latitude Precipitation | ||||||
| Vapor (Mt.Zugspitze, Germany) |
(−34.4 to –20.4) | (30 to 82) | 0.5265 | IRMS | 2016 (Feb to May) | [38] |
| Cave water (Canada and USA) |
−9.69 (−17.67 to −6.39) |
0.05 (0.03 to 0.07) |
0.530 | IRMS |
2005 (Feb, Jul) | [26] |
| Cave drip waters (Northwest Switzerland) |
−8.7 | 19 | – | Picarro CRDS |
2010 (Nov) to 2014 (Jun) | [69] |
| Fluid inclusions (Northwest Switzerland) |
−8.3 | 10 | Picarro CRDS |
2012 (Mar) to 2014 (Jun) | [69] | |
| Leaf water (Mpala central Kenya) | 7.84 (−0.27 to 16.14) |
−0.06 (−0.16 to 0.04) |
IRMS | 2012 (Jun–Jul) | [47] | |
| Stem water (Mpala central Kenya) | −2.46 (−4.71 to 0.59) |
0.02 (0.01 to 0.03) |
IRMS | 2012 (Jun–Jul) | [47] | |
| Pond (Sistan Oasis, Iran) | 25.83 (13.81 to 29.07) |
−144.4 (−172 to –56) |
IRMS | – | [54] | |
| Lake and pond | −8.06 (−16.03 to 4.19) |
0.02 (−0.02 to 0.04) |
0.528 | IRMS | 2002, 2008 | [26] |
| Surface water | −8.88 (−20.31 to 9.56) |
−46.4 to 55.67 (mostly 14 to 33) |
0.528 | IRMS | Global scale | [36] |
| River, terminal lakes, well, spring, irrigation channel (Sistan Oasis, Iran) | −1.69 (−6.84 to 14.03) |
−3.91 (−59 to 25) |
– | IRMS | – | [54] |
| Lake and river (western USA) | −9.58 (−19.11 to −0.34) |
5.28 (−39 to 46) |
IRMS | [49] | ||
| Dam water (Mpala central Kenya) | −1.08 (−3.98 to 2.26) |
0.01 (−0.004 to 0.02) |
IRMS | 2012 (Jun–Jul) | [47] | |
| Tap, spring water (Israel) | −4.99 (−5.74 to –4.24) |
0.04 (0.03 to 0.05) |
0.515 | IRMS | 2008 | [26] |
| Tap water (continental USA) | −8 ± 4.7 (−20.7 to −0.7) |
17 ± 11 (−6 to 43) |
0.526 to 0.527 | IRMS | 2006 to 2011 | [46] |
| Tap and puddle water (Mpala central Kenya) | 3.36 (2.33 to 4.39) |
−0.01 (−0.01 to −0.003) |
– | IRMS | 2012 (Jun–Jul) | [47] |
| Precipitation (Northwest Switzerland) |
−9.9 | 18 | Picarro CRDS |
2012 (Mar) to 2014 (Jun) | [69] | |
| Precipitation (Okinawa Island, Japan) | −4.81 (−9.88 to −1.05) |
25.26 (4 to 54) |
Picarro CRDS |
2011 (Jan) to 2012 (Dec) | [71] | |
| Precipitation (central USA) | −6.25 | 31 | 0.5275 | OA-ICOS | 2014 (Jun) to 2018 (May) | [80] |
| Rain (Indonesia, India, and Israel) | −5.45 (−9.03 to –2.53) |
0.04 (0.02 to 0.06) |
0.522 | IRMS | 2005 (Mar to Nov) 2001 to 2008 2008 (Feb to Aug) |
[26] |
| Water vapor (south Indian and Southern Ocean) | −15.45 (−23.41 to −11.65) |
13.51 (−6 to 46) |
0.532 | IRMS | 2005 (Dec) to 2006 (Jan) | [42] |
| Seawater (Atlantic, Pacific Ocean, Mediterranean, and Northern Red Sea) | 0.42 (−0.42 to 2.43) |
−0.0045 (−0.01 to 0.0038) |
0.528 | IRMS | – | [26] |
| Snow (Mt.Zugspitze, Germany) |
(−21.7 to −8.3) | (17 to 62) | – | IRMS | [38] | |
| Snow, ice (Canada, Montenegro) |
−17.34 (−26.11 to −5.44) |
0.02 (−0.01 to 0.04) |
0.529 | IRMS | 2009, 2010 | [26] |
| High-latitude precipitation | ||||||
| Vapor (NEEM, Greenland) | −41.77 (−44.63 to −38.33) |
32.33 (15 to 48) |
0.528 | IRMS | 2008 (Aug) | [48] |
| Snow precipitation (NEEM, Greenland) |
−29.60 (−35.53 to −24.33) |
35.67 (23 to 43) |
IRMS | 2008 (Aug) | [48] | |
| Firn core (NEEM, Greenland) |
−32.17 (−38.80 to −26.70) |
49.70 (30 to 73) |
– | IRMS | 2003 (Jan) to 2005 (Aug) | [48] |
| Snow pit (Vostok) | −57.13 (−61.20 to −51.39) |
7.43 (−36 to 42) |
IRMS | 1949 to 2008 | [74] | |
| Surface snow (traverse from Zhongshan station to Dome A) | −34.30 (−58.69 to −17.60) |
34.95 (9 to 51) |
IRMS | 2009 (Dec) to 2010 (Jan) | [45] | |
| Snow (transect from Syowa to Dome Fuji) | −47.26 (−56.69 to −30.20) |
24.82 (6.1 to 43.8) |
– | IRMS | – | [77] |
| Ice core (Vostok) | −58 (−50.74 to −62.05) |
24.31 (−6 to 54) | IRMS | 150ka years | [28] | |
| Surface snow (Vostok, Antarctica) |
−41.27 (−28.23 to −51.03) |
44.5 (25 to 62) |
0.528 | IRMS | – | [28] |
| Snow or ice (Dome F, Antarctica) |
−58.42 | −0.006 | – | IRMS | [26] | |
| Ice core (Talos Dome, Antarctica) |
−41.67 to −36.52 | – | 0.5278 | IRMS | 9.15 to 33.78 ka age | [76] |
| Ice core (WAIS, Antarctica) | −35.44 (−42.68 to −31.61) |
25.22 (2.9 to 38.46) |
– | IRMS | 25 ka | [30] |
| Ice core (Taylor Dome, Antarctica) |
−39.56 (−42.92 to −37.36) |
14.28 (−1 to 28) |
0.5313 | IRMS | – | [30] |
| Ice core (Siple Dome Antarctica) |
−31.31 (−36.21 to −24.02) |
19 (8 to 27) |
– | IRMS | [30] | |
| Snow precipitation (Vostok, Antarctica) |
−68.47 to −50.51 | −27 to 29 | 0.5308 | IRMS | 2000 (Feb–Oct) |
[34] |
| Snow precipitation (Vostok, Antarctica) |
−58.5 to −52.6 | – | 0.5269 | IRMS | 1999 (Dec) to 2000 (Jun) | [77] |
| Ice core (Dome C, Antarctica) |
−56.48 to −46.639 | 0.5294 | IRMS | 7.61–24.8 ka age | [76] | |
| Snow precipitation (Dome C, Antarctica) |
−55.58 (−69.63 to –38.89) |
18.43 (−11 to 47) |
0.5282 | IRMS | 2010 (Sep–Nov) |
[77] |
| Snow (Dome C, Antarctica) |
−54.25 (−61.35 to −48.19) |
31.64 (14 to 47) |
0.5287 | IRMS | 2010 (Dec) to 2011 (Dec) | [77] |
| Snow pit (Dome C, Antarctica) |
−51.14 (−55.31 to −46.06) |
31.68 (17 to 51) |
0.528 | IRMS | – | [77] |