Table 1.
The composition of essential oils and their antiviral activity against noroviruses.
| Essential Oil | Plant | Main Constituents | Group of Chemical Compounds | Content (%) | Viruses | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Oregano | Origanum vulgare | Carvacrol | Monoterpene | 0.3–80.8 | MNV FCV |
[53,63,64,65,66,67] |
| Thymol | Sesquiterpene lactone | 0.96–63.7 | ||||
| P-cymene | Related to monoterpene | <0.1–16.94 | ||||
| Gamma-terpinene | Monoterpene | 0.8–21.0 | ||||
| Alpha-terpineol | Monoterpene alcohol | <0.09–12.0 | ||||
| Limonene | Monoterpene | 0.3–0.7 | ||||
| Marjoram | Thymus mastichina | Linalool | Monoterpene alcohol | 24.5–73.5 | MNV-1 | [57,63,68,69,70] |
| 1,8-cineole | Monoterpene deriv. | 9.4–55.6 | ||||
| Beta-pinene | Monoterpene | 0.6–5.9 | ||||
| Alpha-pinene | Monoterpene | 0.9–4.3 | ||||
| Alpha-terpineol | Monoterpene alcohol | 0.9–3.0 | ||||
| Camphor | Monoterpene deriv. | 0.00001–3.0 | ||||
| Limonene | Monoterpene | 0.4–2.1 | ||||
| Thyme | Thymus vulgaris | Thymol | Sesquiterpene lactone | 27.6–100 | MNV-1 | [57,63,71,72] |
| Trans-sabinene hydrate | Monoterpene hydrate | 0.43–39.4 | ||||
| Menthol | Monoterpene alcohol | 1.3–39 | ||||
| Bornyl acetate | Monoterpene | 0.2–25.57 | ||||
| Limonene | Monoterpene | 0.4–24.2 | ||||
| Carvacrol | Monoterpene | 2.0–20.5 | ||||
| Gamma-terpinene | Monoterpene | 0.6–14.9 | ||||
| Zataria multiflora | Zataria multiflora Boiss. | Thymol | Sesquiterpene lactone | 40.8 | MNV FCV | [63,67,73,74,75,76,77] |
| Carvacrol | Monoterpene | 27.8 | ||||
| Ρ-cymene | Related to monoterpene | 8.4 | ||||
| Gamma-terpinene | Monoterpene | 4.0 | ||||
| Beta-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 2.0 | ||||
| Linalol | Monoterpene alcohol | 1.7 | ||||
| Alpha-terpinolene | Monoterpene | 1.3 | ||||
| Clove | Syzygium aromaticum (Eugenia caryophyllus) | Eugenol | Monoterpene deriv. | 86.7 | MNV FCV | [63,67,78,79] |
| Beta-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 3.2 | ||||
| Allo-aromadendrene | Sesquiterpene | 1.3 | ||||
| Alpha-humulene | Sesquiterpene | 0.9 | ||||
| Hyssop | Hyssopus officinalis | Linalool | Monoterpene alcohol | 49.6 | MNV-1 | [57,63,80,81] |
| 1,8-cineole | Monoterpene deriv. | 13.3 | ||||
| Limonene | Monoterpene | 5.4–12.2 | ||||
| Beta-pinene | Monoterpene | 3.0–11.1 | ||||
| Beta-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 1.5–2.8 | ||||
| Isopinocamphone | Bicyclic monoterpenoids | 1.3–43.3 | ||||
| Zanthoxylum schinifolium | Zanthoxylum schinifolium | Estragole | Phenylpropene | 42.0 | MNV-1 FCV-F9 | [63,82,83] |
| Oleic acid | Monounsaturated omega-9 fatty acid |
20.97 | ||||
| Palmitic acid | Saturated fatty acid | 19.86 | ||||
| 2,4-Decadienal | Polyunsaturated fatty aldehyde |
4.87 | ||||
| 2-Undecenal | Aldehyde | 3.81 | ||||
| Allspice | Pimenta dioica | Eugenol | Monoterpene deriv. | 45.4–83.68 | MNV | [54,63,84,85,86] |
| Beta-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 2.3–8.9 | ||||
| P-cymene | Related to monoterpene | 1.77–1.78 | ||||
| Terpinolene | Monocyclic monoterpene | 1.23–2.35 | ||||
| Alpha-cadinol | Pseudoguaianolide | 1.0–5.9 | ||||
| Alpha-humulene | Sesquiterpene | 0.88–5.4 | ||||
| Lemongrass | Cymbopogon citratus | Geranial | Monoterpene aldehyde | 32.7–49.9 | MNV-1 | [54,63,87,88,89] |
| Neral | Monoterpene aldehyde | 26.5–38.2 | ||||
| Myrcene | Monoterpene | 1.7–25.3 | ||||
| Nerol | Monoterpene | 0.2–12.5 | ||||
| Geraniol | Monoterpene deriv. | 0.2–10.4 | ||||
| 1,8-cineole | Monoterpene deriv. | 0.2–2.9 | ||||
| Tea tree | Artemisia princeps var. orientalis | 1,8-cineole | Monoterpene deriv. | 2.2–24.3 | MNV-1 FCV-F9 |
[63,90,91,92] |
| Borneol | Monoterpene alcohol | 2.1–5.6 | ||||
| Camphor | Monoterpene deriv. | 1.4–38.7 | ||||
| α-terpineol | Monoterpene alcohol | 1.1–9.8 | ||||
| Beta-pinene | Monoterpene | 0.6–11.7 | ||||
| Alpha-pinene | Monoterpene | 0.5–9.7 | ||||
| Beta-caryophyllene | Sesquiterpene | 0.4–10.6 | ||||
| Isoborneol | Monoterpene deriv. | 0.1–20.9 | ||||
| Alpha-thujone | Monoterpene | 0.1–16.0 |