. 2021 Jul 22;21(15):4976. doi: 10.3390/s21154976

Table 1.

Electrochemical sensors based on polythiophene (PTh), poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT), polyaniline (PANI), and polypyrrole (PPy) currently reported in literature.

Electrochemical Device	Analyte	Working Media	Sample	Analytical Parameters		Ref.
Electrochemical Device	Analyte	Working Media	Sample	LD (µM)	LR (µM)	Ref.
PTh
MWCNT/PTh/Pt	BPA	PBS pH 7.5	Water	0.009	0.05–0.4	[62]
MnO₂/PTh/rGO/GCE	MP	PBS pH 7	Human urine and blood	0.0057	0.5–10	[63]
GO-4-ATP-Au-PTh/Au GCE	Nicotine	PBS pH 7	Serum, urine, cigarette	0.17	1.0–30	[64]
PTh-AgBr	Glucose	NaOH	Human blood plasma	0.31	4–5000	[65]
PTh-Ag/GCE	L-Tryp	PBS pH 7	Soybeans extract	0.020	0.2–400	[66]
PEDOT
PEDOT/IL/GCE	DA	PBS pH 7.4	Human urine	0.033	0.2–328	[67]
UiO-66-NH₂@PEDOT/GA/GCE	PCMC	ABS pH 6	Tap water	0.2	0.6–18	[68]
PEDOT/AG/GCE	AC	PBS pH 7	Local tablets	0.041	0.15–5881	[69]
Cu₂O/PEDOT/MWCNT	Glucose	NaOH	Human blood serum	0.04	0.495–374	[70]
GC/PEDOT-AuNPs-SV	CA	PBS pH 7	Juice	4.24	10–1000	[71]
PEDOT-Tyr/SNG-C	CA	PBS pH 7	Wine, beer	4.33	10–300	[72]
PEDOT/PEDOT-SH/Au	Nitrite	PBS pH 6.9	Tap water, milk	0.051	0.15–1000	[73]
PEDOT/Au	UA	PBS pH 6.6	Milk	7.0	6–200	[74]
GCE/PEDOT-MC/AgNPs	Rutin	PBS pH 3	Tablets	0.0035	0.005–0.5	[75]
Pt/PEDOT-PBNPS	H₂O₂	ABS pH 5.5	Human blood	1.4	5–1000	[76]
PANI
Co₃O₄@PANINFs/GCE	Glucose	PBS pH 7.4	Human serum	60	100–8000	[77]
TiO₂@PANI@Au/GCE	Hydrazine	NH₃/NH₄⁺ pH 9	Power plant sewage	0.15	0.9–1200	[78]
PANI/SnO₂/GCE	Nitrite	PBS pH 6	-	0.04	0.12–7777	[79]
GCE/PANI-Fe₃O₄	DA	PBS pH 7	Water	0.176	0.2–2.4	[80]
GCE/PANI-NiO	DA	PBS pH 7	Water	0.166	0.2–2.4	[80]
α-Fe₂O₃/PANI/GCE	UA	PBS pH 7	Human urine	0.038	0.01–5	[81]
NiO-NPs@PANINS/SPE	Glucose	NaOH	Human blood serum	0.06	1–3000	[82]
MeGO/PANI	AA	PBS pH 7.4	-	2.0	8–5000	[83]
PPy
Fe₃O₄@PPy/MWCNTs/GE	AT	BR pH 4	Serum, tablets	0.0230	0.0314–201	[84]
AuNP/PPy/GCE	L-dopa	PBS pH 7	Urine	0.075	0.1–6.0	[85]
PDA/PPy/GCE	UA	PBS pH 8	Human serum, urine	0.11	0.5–40	[86]
PGE/CuO-NPs/PPy	TR	PBS pH 8.5	Tablets	0.001	0.005–380	[87]
PPy:LAC	Lactate	KNO₃	Human tear, rat blood	81.0	100–10,000	[88]
AuCu/PPy/Cu-TCCP	H₂O₂	PBS pH 8	Medical H₂O₂ solution	0.0067	0.71–24,100	[89]

AA: ascorbic acid; ABS: acetic buffer solution; AC: acetaminophen; AT: atorvastatin; ATP: adenosine triphosphate; BPA: bisphenol A; BR: Britton-Robinson; CA: caffeic acid; CuO-NPs: copper oxide nanoparticles; DA: dopamine; PTh: polythiophene; GA: graphene aerogel; GCE: glassy carbon electrode; IL: ionic liquid; LAC: lactate; LD: limit of detection; LR: linear range; L-Tryp: L-tryptophan; MC: mesoporous carbon; MP: methyl parathion; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; PANI: polyaniline; PANINS: polyaniline nanofibers; PBNPS: Prussian blue nanoparticles; PBS: phosphate buffer solution; PCMC: p-chloromethylcresol; PEDOT: poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene); PGE: pencil graphite electrode; PPy: polypyrrole; rGO: reduced-graphene oxide; SPE: screen-printed electrode; SV: sinusoidal voltage; TCCP: meso-tetra-(4-carboxyphenyl)-substituted porphyrins; TR: tramadol; and UA: uric acid.