Table 4.
Electronic noses based on polyaniline (PANI) films applied for analytical purposes in the last decade.
| PANI Sensor Array | Sample | Use | Multivariate Calibration | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| PANI-dopant/IDGEs Dopant: CSA, DBSA, HCl |
Strawberry Grape Apple |
Discrimination of samples according to aromatic substances | PCA | [177] |
| PANI-HCl/PGIEs PANI-HCl/IDEs |
Strawberry Grape Apple |
Detection of different aromas | PCA | [178] |
| PANI-dopant/IDGEs Dopant: HCl, TSA, CSA, MSA | Cow’s estrus | Determination of estrus times of cows | PCA | [179] |
| PANI-dopant/IDEs Dopant: HCl, TSA, CSA, MSA |
Bananas | Monitoring of bananas ripeness | PCA | [180] |
| PANI-dopant/PGIEs Dopant: CSA, HCl, DBSA |
Gummy candies | Monitoring of aromas during candy storage | PCA | [181] |
| PANI-CSA/Chitosan PANI-DBSA/TiO2 PANI-DBSA/CNT |
Simulated human breath | Preliminary diagnoses of kidney disease | PCA LDA |
[182] |
| PANI/AuNPs | Human breath | Early diagnoses of renal diseases | PCA LDA |
[183] |
| PANI-dopant/MWCNT PANI-dopant/GO Dopant: CSA, DBSA, HCl |
Essential oils | Determination of quality of essential oils | PCA | [184] |
CSA: camphorsulfonic acid; DBSA: dodecylbenzenesulfonic acid; GO: graphene oxide; IDE: interdigitated electrode; MSA: methanesulfonic acid; MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; PANI: polyaniline; and TSA: p-toluene sulfonic acid.