Table 1.
Vitamins concentrations and antioxidant activities of honey.
| Botanical Origin | Bee Species |
Vitamin | Quantification Method | Vitamin Concentration (mg/kg) |
DPPH | FRAP | CBI (%) | ABTS | Relationship | References | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| IC50 (mg/mL) |
% Inhibition | ||||||||||
| Gelam 1 (Melaleuca cajuputi) |
Apis
dorsata |
Vitamin B1 | RP-HPLC with PDA detector | 13.85 | 15.681 | N/A | 82.529 mg TE/100g honey | 67.41 | N/A | Vitamin with DPPH:
r = 0.8226, p > 0.05 Vitamin with FRAP: r = 0.4338, p < 0.05 Vitamin with CBI: r = 0.2649, p > 0.05 |
[11] |
| Vitamin B3 | 355.38 | ||||||||||
| Vitamin C | 67.36 | ||||||||||
| Acacia 1 (Robinia Pseudocacia) |
Apis mellifera | Vitamin B1 | 11.85 | 29.846 | 82.386 mg | 74.66 | |||||
| Vitamin B3 | 134.67 | ||||||||||
| Vitamin C | 62.80 | ||||||||||
| Kedah 1 (Malaysia) (Tualang forest honey) |
Apis
dorsata |
Vitamin B3 | 170.38 | 48.896 | 52.386 mg | 35.81 | |||||
| Vitamin B3 | 52.20 | ||||||||||
| Avocado
(Persea americana) |
Apis Mellifera | Vitamin C | Titrimetric Method (AOAC 967.21) | 59.50 | 13.8 | N/A | N/A | 56.9 | N/A | Vitamin with DPPH:
r = 0 Vitamin with CBI: r = − 0.61, p < 0.05 |
[15] |
| Chestnut 1
(Castanea sativa) |
36.40 | 23.0 | 66.8 | ||||||||
| Rosemary 1
(Rosmarinus officinalis) |
45.10 | 202 | 28.3 | ||||||||
| Eucalyptus 1
(Eucalyptus sp.) |
3.40 | 202 | 71.8 | ||||||||
| Thyme
(Thymus sp.) |
759.00 | 5.46 | −1.34 | ||||||||
| Province of Granada (Spanish) | 91.10 | 9.25 | 32.9 | ||||||||
| Province of Cuenca (Spanish) |
24.10 | 38.0 | 58.4 | ||||||||
| Province of Pontevedra (Spanish) |
13.50 | 28.9 | 92.9 | ||||||||
| Province of Leon
(Spanish) |
3.40 | 54.0 | 68.1 | ||||||||
| Strawberry tree
(Arbutus unedo) |
Apis mellifera/Apis cerana/Trigona minangkabau | Vitamin C | RP-HPLC | 71.57 | N/A | N/A | N/A | N/A | 0.44 | Vitamin with ABTS
r = N/A, p > 0.01 |
[16] |
| Cardoon
(Carlina racemos) |
Apis florea/Apis mellifera | 93.43 | 0.85 | ||||||||
| Carob
(Ceratonia siliqua) |
Apis mellifera | 138.87 | 1.55 | ||||||||
| Orange 2
(citrus sinensis) |
Apis mellifera/Apis cerana | 77.70 | 4.04 | ||||||||
| Sunflower
(Helianthus annuus) |
Apis mellifera/Apis dorsata/Apis cerana/Trigona laeviceps | 98.57 | 3.17 | ||||||||
| Algarve
(Portugal) |
Vespa Velutina | 95.73 | 1.73 | ||||||||
| Sleman, Yogyakarta (Indonesia) | Tetragonula laeviceps | Vitamin C | Titrimetric Method | 78.80 | N/A | 90.50 | N/A | N/A | N/A | Vitamin with DPPH (%)
r = 0.56, (not significant) |
[29] |
| Klaten, Central Java
(Indonesia) |
65.10 | 91.20 | |||||||||
| Nglipar, Yogyakarta (Indonesia) | 56.70 | 47.3 | |||||||||
| Manuka
(Leptospermum scoparium) |
Apis mellifera/ | Vitamin C | Titrimetric Method | 1067.37 | N/A | N/A | 434.3 μmol Fe(II)/100g honey | N/A | N/A | Vitamin with FRAP
r = N/A |
[30] |
| Longan
(Dimocarpus longan) |
Apis cerana/Apis dorsata | 190.61 | 258.9 μmol | ||||||||
| Mangosteen
(Garcinia mangostana) |
Apis mellifera/Apis cerana | 379.31 | 908.3 μmol | ||||||||
| Pararubber
(Hevea brasiliensis) |
Apis mellifera | 185.82 | 262.2 μmol | ||||||||
RP: reversed phase, HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography, PDA: photodiode array, N/A: not available, CBI: β-carotene bleaching inhibition.