Table 2.
The phenolic content and antioxidant activities of honey.
| Botanical Origin | Bee Species | Method | Phenolic Compounds |
TPC (mg/100 g) |
DPPH | FRAP | Relationship | Reference | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| % Inhibition | IC50 (mg/mL) |
||||||||
| Orange Blossom 1 | Apis mellifera | Folin–Dennis method with LC-DAD | Gallic acid, vanillic acid, syringic acid, quercetin. | 35.7 ± 2.4 | ND | 36.22 ± 3.82 | 438.69 ± 2.78 (mol Fe(II)/100 g) |
TPC with FRAP r = 0.857, p < 0.01 TPC with DPPHIC50 r = −0.8918, p < 0.01 |
[34] |
| Orange Blossom 2 | protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, syringic acid, cinnamic acid | 38.8 ± 3.6 | 40.80 ± 4.68 | 376.66 ± 1.60 | |||||
| Orange Blossom 3 | protocatechuic acid | 53.2 ± 2.9 | 29.85 ± 2.67 | 375.73 ± 6.99 | |||||
| Orange Blossom 4 | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, p-coumaric acid | 40.1 ± 2.9 | 33.21 ± 2.51 | 34.99 ± 4.24 | |||||
| Orange Blossom 5 | protocatechuic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid | 34.0 ± 7.58 | 52.64 ± 4.70 | 303.51 ± 1.60 | |||||
| Multifloral 1 (Brazil) |
gallic acid, vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, Sinapic acid, Morin cinnamic acid. | 78.2 ± 2.7 | 10.81 ± 0.50 | 95.18 ± 3.21 | |||||
| Multifloral 2 (Brazil) |
protocatechuic acid, p-coumaric acid, cinnamic acid | 42.8 ± 1.9 | 19.74 ± 1.62 | 408.14 ± 10.02 | |||||
| Multifloral 3 (Brazil) |
protocatechuic acid, quercetin, p-hydroxybenzoic acid | 57.2 ± 2.4 | 18.42 ± 1.47 | 109.99 ± 11.23 | |||||
| Multifloral 4 (Brazil) |
vanillic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-coumaric acid, morin | 54.0 ± 2.3 | 17.52 ± 1.10 | 78.51 ± 4.24 | |||||
| Chestnut | Apis mellifera | Folin–Ciocalteu method with HPLC-UV-VIS | Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin. | 8.10 ± 2.56 | ND | 20.05 ± 5.42 | 4.30 ± 0.13 (µmol FeSO4•7H2O/g) |
TPC with FRAP r = 0.81, p < 0.05 TPC with DPPH r = N/A |
[35] |
| Astragalus | Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, protocatechuic acid, ferulic acid, rutin, apigenin | 0.86 ± 0.49 | 123.56 ± 25.12 | 0.66 ± 0.74 | |||||
| Heather | Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, protocatechuic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, aquercetin. | 5.84 ± 1.80 | 1.42 ± 0.28 | 27.84 ± 13.20 | |||||
| Clover | p-coumaric acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid | 0.65 ± 0.42 | 98.19 ± 58.03 | 0.59 ± 0.21 | |||||
| Lavender | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, epicatechin p-coumaric acid, rutin. | 2.20 ± 1.54 | 70.20 ± 31.50 | 0.67 ± 0.25 | |||||
| Lime | protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, apigenin. | 0.95 ± 0.18 | 76.20 ± 12.30 | 0.86 ± 0.12 | |||||
| Jerusalem Tea | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, apigenin. | 2.80 ± 1.10 | 61.05 ± 5.20 | 0.65 ± 0.46 | |||||
| Common eryngo | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid. | 0.85 ± 0.64 | 60.08 ± 6.10 | 2.27 ± 0.96 | |||||
| Chaste tree | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, apigenin. | 0.95 ± 0.24 | 121.05 ± 20.40 | 0.67 ± 0.46 | |||||
| Rhododendron | Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, vanilic acid, caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, quercetin, apigenin, kaempferol. | 0.92 ± 0.39 | 78.06 ± 28.65 | 0.67 ± 0.22 | |||||
| Oak | Gallic acid, protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, epicatechin, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin | 3.10 ± 0.56 | 12.56 ± 2.50 | 3.07 ± 0.84 | |||||
| Pine | Protocatechuic acid, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, catechin, vanillic acid, caffeic acid, syringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, rutin, quercetin, kaempferol. | 1.58 ± 1.30 | 44.30 ± 25.07 | 1.48 ± 0.83 | |||||
| Acacia | p-hydroxybenzoic acid, caffeic acid, synringic acid, p-coumaric acid, ferulic acid, apigenin, kaempferol, isorhamnetin. | 1.58 ± 0.22 | 152.40 ± 62.00 | 0.64 ± 0.34 | |||||
| Japanese Grape | Apis mellifera | Folin–Ciocalteu method with RP-HPLC-UV-VIS | Gallic acid, p-coumaric acid, quercetin. | 30.5 ± 14.4 | ND | 179.12 ± 101.8 | 0.33 ± 0.6 (μmolET.g−1) | TPC with FRAP r = 0.8594, p < 0.001 TPC with DPPHIC50 r = −0.7582, p < 0.001 |
[36] |
| Mastic | Gallic acid, cinnamic acid, quercetin. | 63.5 ± 17.3 | 62.2 ± 29.7 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | |||||
| Quitoco | Gallic acid, quercetin. | 50.2 ± 17.7 | 180.0 ± 82.8 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | |||||
| Wild Flower | Gallic acid. | 56.5 ± 0.00 | 86.04 ± 0.00 | 0.97 ± 0.0 | |||||
| Manuka (New Zealand) |
Apis mellifera | Folin–Ciocalteu method with HPLC-DAD | Caffeic acid, p-coumaric acid, catechin. | 52.63 ± 1.21 | N/A | 4.71 ± 0.36 | 1.295 ± 0.01 (μM Fe[II]/kg) | TPC with FRAP r = 0.965, p < 0.01 TPC with DPPH % r = 0.976, p < 0.01 |
[37] |
| Borneo Tropical (Malaysia) |
Apis cerana | Catechin, caffeic acid. | 15.21 ± 0.51 | 17.51 ± 0.51 | 0.492 ± 0.01 | ||||
| Tualang (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Catechin, gallic acid, syringic acid, caffeic acid. | 28.87 ± 0.41 | 8.60 ± 0.66 | 0.707 ± 0.007 | ||||
| Multiflora (Bednja) | N/A | Folin–Ciocalteu method | N/A | 19.581 ± 0.578 | N/A | 11.94 ± 0.71 | 398.02 ± 36.87 (mM of Fe(II) in 10% honey solution. | TPC with DPPHIC50: r = 0.5791, p = N/A TPC with FRAP: r = 0.8325, p = N/A |
[39] |
| Multiflora (Ivanec) | 20.876 ± 15.94 | 11.86 ± 1.99 | 283.98 ± 30.23 | ||||||
| Multiflora (Novi Marof) | 23.638 ± 0.805 | 11.26 ± 1.06 | 351.10 ± 86.09 | ||||||
| Multiflora (Ludbreg) | 16.362 ± 1.322 | 13.73 ± 6.95 | 244.55 ± 32.93 | ||||||
| Forest (Kosovo) | N/A | Folin–Ciocalteu method | N/A | 84.17 ± 30.40 | 66.92 ± 23.18 | N/A | 22.39 ± 12.86 (mg TE/100 g) |
TPC with DPPH % r = 0.804, p < 0.01 TPC with FRAP: r = 0.829, p = 0.01 |
[38] |
| Meadow | 46.48 ± 16.59 | 42.23 ± 25.06 | 10.73 ± 7.46 | ||||||
| Mixed | 46.33 ± 18.95 | 34.49 ± 22.50 | 7.76 ± 7.14 | ||||||
| Chestnut | 35.77 ± 8.26 | 31.35 ± 9.44 | 8.50 ± 2.51 | ||||||
| Acacia | 25.76 ± 10.16 | 22.23 ± 7.82 | 3.65 ± 1.96 | ||||||
| Lime | 74.10 | 65.15 | 16.63 | ||||||
| Pine | 28.06 | 38.70 | 9.75 | ||||||
| TH1 Multifloral (Malaysia) | Apis dorsata | Folin–Ciocalteu method with LC-MS/MS | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Kaempferol, p-coumaric acid | 13.942 ± 1.37 | N/A | ND | ND | TPC with DPPH % r = 0.584 |
[20] |
| TH2 Multifloral (Malaysia) | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Syringic acid, Catechine, Apigenin, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Hydroxycinnamic acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid | 18.393 ± 2.41 | |||||||
| KH1 Unifloral (Malaysia) | Trigona | Folin–Ciocalteu method with LC-MS/MS | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Syringic acid, Apigenin, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid | 22.809 ± 0.79 | N/A | ND | ND | TPC with DPPH % r = 0.607 |
[20] |
| KH2 Multifloral (Malaysia) | Gallic acid, Caffeic acid, Caffeic acid, Syringic acid, Catechine, Apigenin, Chrysin, Cinnamic acid, Hydroxycinnamic acid, Kaempferol, p-coumaric acid, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid, Hydroxybenzoic acid | 23.528 ± 0.06 | |||||||
LC: liquid chromatography, RP: reversed phase, HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography, MS: mass spectroscopy, DAD: diode-array detection, UV-VIS: ultraviolet/visible light detector, N/A: not available, ND: not determined.