Table 3.
The flavonoid compounds and antioxidant activities of honeys.
| Botanical Origin | Bee Species | Method | Flavonoid (mg/g) | TFC | DPPH | FRAP | Relationship | Reference | |
| IC50
(mg/mL) |
% Inhibition | ||||||||
| Eucalyptus | Apis mellifera | Colorimetric method with RP-HPLC-UV/VIS | Myricetin, quercetin | 0.75 ± 0.5 (mg/g) |
65.09 ± 35.5 | N/D | 1.34 ± 0.4 (μmol ET/g) |
TFC with DPPHIC50: r = correlated, p < 0.05 TFC with FRAP: r = 0.8435, p < 0.05 |
[36] |
| Mastic | Quercetin | 2.1 ± 1.1 | 62.2 ± 29.7 | 1.8 ± 0.5 | |||||
| Japanese grape | Quercetin | 0.2 ± 0.7 | 179.12 ± 101.8 | 0.33 ± 0.6 | |||||
| Quitoco | Quercetin | 0.0 ± 0.6 | 180.0 ± 82.8 | 0.4 ± 0.3 | |||||
| Wild flower (Brazil) |
N/D | N/D | 0.40 | 86.04 | |||||
| Polyfloral (Brazil) |
Myricetin, quercetin | 1.2 ± 0.7 | 82.6 ± 37.6 | 1.2 ± 0.5 | |||||
| Juazeiro | Meliponini subnitida | Colorimetric method with HPLC-UV | Myricetin, quercetin, catechin, rutin, kaempferol, hesperetin, naringenin, chrysin | 4.2 ± 0.6 (mg GAE/100 g) |
N/D | 46.9 ± 1.9 | N/D | TFC with DPPH % r = 0.9377, p < 0.01 |
[44] |
| Meliponini scutellaris | 4.4 ± 0.2 | 29.5 ± 3.4 | |||||||
| Malicia | Meliponini subnitida | 4.1 ± 0.4 | 23.3 ± 1.4 | ||||||
| Meliponini scutellaris | 4.0 ± 0.4 | 11.2 ± 1.3 | |||||||
| Velame Branco | Meliponini subnitida | 2.6 ± 0.6 | 40.1 ± 3.2 | ||||||
| Meliponini scutellaris | 1.9 ± 0.1 | 27.5 ± 0.5 | |||||||
| Jurema Branca | Meliponini subnitida | 2.4 ± 0.1 | 22.7 ± 1.6 | ||||||
| Meliponini scutellaris | 2.1 ± 0.5 | 24.6 ± 0.4 | |||||||
| Gelam (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Colorimetric method with HPLC-DAD | Catechin, naringenin, luteolin, kaempferol, apigenin. | 0.02531 ± 0.00037 (mg CEQ/g) |
14.36 ± 0.83 | N/A | 0.64428 ± 0.00953 (μM Fe(II)/g) |
TFC with DPPH % r = 0.888, p < 0.01 TFC with FRAP: r = 0.899, p < 0.01 |
[37] |
| Manuka (Malaysia) |
Apis mellifera | Catechin | 0.03455 ± 0.00045 | 4.71 ± 0.36 | 1.29534 ± 0.01035 | ||||
| Borneo tropical (Malaysia) |
Apis cerana | Catechin | 0.01152 ± 0.00027 | 17.51 ± 0.51 | 0.49204 ± 0.01125 | ||||
| Tualang 2 (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Catechin, kaempferol | 0.02052 ± 0.00021 | 8.60 ± 0.66 | 0.70691 ± 0.00728 | ||||
| Tualang 3 (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Catechin, Kaempferol | 0.02173 ± 0.00043 | 6.94 ± 0.08 | 0.65173 ± 0.0088 | ||||
| Tualang 4 (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Catechin, naringenin | 0.02531 ± 0.00037 | 5.24 ± 0.40 | 0.89215 ± 0.00497 ( |
||||
| Multifloral 1 (Omani) |
Apis mellifera | Colorimetric method | N/D | 0.925 (mg/g) |
144.5 (mg/mL) |
N/A | N/D | TFC with DPPH: r = −0.616 |
[45] |
| Tualang (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Colorimetric method with UPLC-MS/MS | Pinobanksin-3-O-propionate, Pinobanksin-3-O-butyrate, Quercetin | 18.511 ± 2.803 (mg/g) |
48.896 | N/A | 52.386 ± 5.192 (mg TE/100 g) |
TFC with DPPH % r = 0.9276, p > 0.05 TFC with FRAP: r = 0.991, p < 0.05 |
[11] |
| Gelam (Malaysia) |
32.886 ± 0.780 | 15.681 | 82.529± 5.032 | ||||||
| Acacia (Malaysia) |
30.741 ± 2.886 | 29.846 | 82.386 ± 5.930 | ||||||
| Multiflora (Bednja, Croatia) |
N/D | Colorimetric method | N/D | 28.05 ± 0.47 (mg/g) |
11.94 ± 0.71 | N/A | 398.02 ± 36.87 (mM of Fe(II) in 10% honey solution. |
TFC with DPPHIC50: r = 0.4272 TFC with FRAP: r = 0.7062 |
[39] |
| TH1 Multifloral (Malaysia) |
Apis dorsata | Colorimetric method with LC-ESI-MS/MS | Chrysin, Kaempferol, | 64.72 ± 11.4 (mg CE/kg) |
N/A | ND | ND | TFC with DPPH % r = 0.922, p < 0.01 |
[20] |
| TH2 Multifloral (Malaysia) |
Catechin, Apigenin, Chrysin, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid | 18.393 ± 2.41 | |||||||
| KH1 Unifloral (Malaysia) |
Trigona | Apigenin, Chrysin, Kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid | 22.809 ± 0.79 (mg CE/kg) |
TFC with DPPH % r = 0.936, p < 0.01 |
|||||
| KH2 Multifloral (Malaysia) |
Catechin, Apigenin, Chrysin, Kaempferol, quercetin-3-O-rutinosid, | 23.528 ± 0.06 (mg CE/kg) |
|||||||
RP: reversed phase, HPLC: high performance liquid chromatography, UV-VIS: ultraviolet/visible light detector, DAD: diode-array detection, UPLC; ultra-performance liquid chromatography, MS: mass spectroscopy, LC: liquid chromatography, ESI: electrospray ionization.