Table 1.

Properties of some membranes used in MD modified by different methods.

Type of Membrane	Modification Method	Contact Angle, °	Feed Solution	Salt Rejection, %	Water Flux g/m2·h	Ref.
PVDF	NIPS	148	NaCl	99	87,400	[100]
Nanofiber PVDF	Electrospinning	139	NaCl	99.9	10,700	[104]
Nanofiber PS	Electrospinning	113	NaCl	99.9	31,000	[107]
Nanofiber PVDF	Electrospinning	154	NaCl	99	5800	[111]
Nanofiber SBS	Electrospinning	132	NaCl	99.9	10,500	[112]
PVDF–polysulfone	Electrospinning	130	NaCl	99.9	49,000	[113]
PES	Sol–gel	119	NaCl	99.3	44,700	[118]
Bilayer PVDF	Addition of perfluorinated polymers	~135	NaCl	99.9	83,400	[127]
PVDF–SiO2	Phase inversion	92	NaCl	99.9	2900	[138]
PES	Plasma treatment	120	NaCl	99.9	42,000	[143]
PVC	Radiation-induced graft polymerization	96	Water	/	37,500	[145]
PES	Radiation-induced graft polymerization	114	NaCl	99.98	50,500	[146]
PP	UV graft polymerization	138	NaCl	97	3000–8000	[147]