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. 2021 Jul 27;22(15):8019. doi: 10.3390/ijms22158019

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Rapamycin + doxycycline induced autophagy-dependent mitophagy in ZR75.1 breast carcinoma cells. The schematic overview illustrates the mechanism of action of rapamycin + doxycycline combination treatment. Based on our results, rapamycin + doxycycline treatment induces autophagy and consequent fusion of autophagosomes and mitochondria after 72-h treatment in vitro indicating mitophagy and autolysomal degradation. Additionally, tumour shrinkage could also be observed during a 3-week period of continuous treatment in vivo, while treatment withdrawal could lead to the recovery of cell proliferation and tumour growth.